Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) Disease
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
VHS disease has had devastating consequences on the production of freshwater and marine fish. Epidemiological reports reveal in North America, Asia and Europe. Outbreak strains include Genotype I, II, III and IV. Moribund fish showed retard swimming, dark skin, exopthalamos, paled gill and high mortality rate. Histopathological alterations showed focal necrosis, degeneration - cytoplasmic vacuoles, pyknosis, karyolysis and lymphocytic invasion in kidney, liver and spleen. Real-time RT-PCR for direct detection VHSV genome in tissue was recommended for confirmatory method. Pathogen monitoring, selection of fish from reliable sources and biosecurity control should be considered for surveillance program in risked cultivated fish.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Dale O.B., I. Ørpetveit, T.M. Lyngstad, S. Kahns, H.F. Skall, N.J. Olesen and B.H. Dannevig. 2009. Outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in seawater-farmed rainbow trout in Norway caused by VHS virus Genotype III. Dis. Aquat. Org., 85, 93–103.
Department of Fisheries (DOF). 2016. Pla bon Doi. (in Thai) https://www4.fisheries.go.th/local/file_document/20170106155428_file.pdf. (Access 19 January 2022).
Einer-Jensen K., P. Ahrens, R. Forsberg and N. Lorenzen. 2004. Evolution of the fish rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. J. Gen. Virol., 85, 1167–1179.
Einer-Jensen K., P. Ahrens and N. Lorenzen. 2005. Parallel phylogenetic analyses using the N, G or Nv gene from a fixed group of VHSV isolates reveal the same overall genetic typing. Dis. Aquat. Org., 67, 39–45.
Elsayed E., M. Faisal, M. Thomas, G. Whelan, W. Batts and J. Winton. 2006. Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), in Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA reveals a new sublineage of the North American genotype. J. Fish Dis., 29, 611–619.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2008. Scientific Opinion of the panel on AHAW on a request from the European Commission on aquatic animal species susceptible to diseases listed in the Council Directive 2006/88/EC. The EFSA Journal, 808, 1-144.
Faisal M. and C.A. Schulz. 2009. Detection of Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from the leech Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851. Parasit. Vectors, 2, 45.
Faisal M. and A.D. Winters. 2011. Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) from Diporeia spp. (Pontoporeiidae, Amphipoda) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, USA. Parasit. Vectors, 4, 2.
Garver K.A., L.M. Hawley, C.A. Mcclure, T. Schroder, S. Aldous, F. Doig, M. Snow, S. Edes, C. Baynes and J. Richard. 2011. Development and validation of a reverse transcription quantitative PCR for universal detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. Dis. Aquat. Org., 95, 97-112.
Goodwin A.E. and G.E. Merry. 2011. Mortality and carrier status of bluegills exposed to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVb at different temperatures. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 23, 85-91.
Guðmundsdóttir, S., N. Vendramin, A. Cuenca, H. Sigurðardóttir, A. Kristmundsson, T. M. Iburg and N.J. Olesen. 2019. Outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in Iceland caused by VHS virus genotype IV. J Fish Dis.,42, 47–62.
Jonstrup S.P., S. Kahns, H.F. Skall, T.S. Boutrup and N.J. Olsen. 2013. Development and validation of a novel Taqman-based real-time RT-PCR assay suitable for demonstrating freedom from viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. J. Fish Dis., 36 (1), 9-23.
Lorenzen N. and S.E. Lapatra. 2005. DNA vaccines for aquacultured fish. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 24, 201–213.
LÓpez-Vázquez C., R.S.Raynard, N. Bain, M. Snow, I. Bandín and C.P. Dopazo. 2006. Genotyping of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from the Flemish Cap by nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns. Dis. Aquat. Org., 73, 23–31.
Meyers T.R. and Winton J.R. 1995. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in North America. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis., 5, 3–24.
Smail D.A. and Snow M. 2011. Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia.In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections, Second Edition. Woo P.T.K. & Bruno D.W. eds. CABI, Wallingford, UK, 110-142.
Olesen N.J. and P.E. Vestergård JØrgensen. 1982. Can and do herons serve as vectors for Egtved virus? Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 2, 48.
Olesen N.J. and H. Korsholm. 1997. Control measures for viral diseases in aquaculture: eradication of VHS and IHN. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 17, 229–233.
Peddie S., P.E. Mclauchlan, A.E. Ellis and C.J. Secombes. 2003. Effect of intraperitoneally administered IL-1b-derived peptides on resistance to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. Aquat. Org., 56, 195–200.
Peters F. and M. Neukirch. 1986. Transmission of some fish pathogenic viruses by the heron, Ardea cinerea. J. Fish Dis., 9, 539–544.
Skall H.F., N.J. Olesen and S. Mellergaard. 2005. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine fish and its implications for fish farming - a review. J. Fish Dis., 28, 509-529.
Stone D.M., H.W. Ferguson, P.A. Tyson, J. Savage, G. Wood, M.J. Dodge, G. Woolford, P.F. Dixon, S.W. Feist and K. Way. 2008. The first report of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in the United Kingdom. J. Fish Dis., 31, 775-784.
Snow M., N. Bain, J. Black, V. Taupin, C.O. Cunningham, J.A. King, H.F. Skall and R.S. Raynard. 2004. Genetic population structure of marine viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Dis. Aquat. Org., 61, 11–21.
Snow M., C.O. Cunningham, W.T. Melvin and G. Kurath. 1999. Analysis of the nucleoprotein gene identifies distinct lineages of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus within the European marine environment. Virus Res., 63, 35–44.
Thompson T.M., W.N. Batts, M. Faisal, P. Bowser, J.W. Casey, K. Phillips, K.A. Garver, J. Winton and G. Kurath. 2011. Emergence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in the North American Great Lakes region is associated with low viral genetic diversity. Dis. Aquat. Org., 96 (1), 29-43.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2008. Species affected by the Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS). Amended Federal Order. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis_spec/aquaculture/downloads/vhs_fed_order_amended.pdf. (Access 19 January 2022).
Walker P.J., A. Benmansour, R. Dietzgen, R.X. Fang, A.O. Jackson, G. Kurath, J.C. Leong, S.A. Nadin-Davis, R.B. Tesh and N. Tordo. 2000. Family Rhabdoviridae. In: Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Van Regenmortel M.H.V., Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H.L. et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, USA and London, UK, 563–583.
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). 2021. Aquatic Animal Health Code, Chapter1.3 Diseases Listed by The OIE. https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahc/current/chapitre_diseases_listed.pdf. (Access 17 January 2022).
Wolf K. 1988. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia. In: Fish Viruses and Fish Viral Diseases. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA, 217–249.