Calcium Ion Adsorption-Desorption Behavior on Maize Residue-Derived Biochar for Soil Nutrient Retention
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Abstract
This research investigated the adsorption and desorption behavior of calcium ion (Ca2+) on maize residue-derived biochar prepared by pyrolysis at 400 °C for 3 h under oxygen-limited conditions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted by mixing 1.0 g biochar with 30 mL Ca2+ solutions at initial concentrations of 50-90 mg/L and shaking at 100 rpm until equilibrium. The produced biochar had an alkaline pH of 8.11, a specific surface area of 22.51 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.04 cm3/g, and oxygen-containing functional groups including -OH, -COOH/C=O, C-O, and phenolic groups. Adsorption equilibrium was reached after 240 min. The adsorption data fitted the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9828; KF = 1.6792 L/g; 1/n = 1.6567) better than the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.8478), while negative Langmuir parameters indicated that the monolayer assumption was not appropriate for this system. Kinetic analysis showed better agreement with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 1.00; qe, cal = 1.170 mg/g), suggesting that surface complexation or ion-exchange interactions contributed to the first adsorption layer. Subsequent retention might involve weaker adsorbate-adsorbate interactions on heterogeneous sites, consistent with Freundlich-type multilayer adsorption. The hysteresis index (HI = 1.37) suggested relatively strong calcium retention with limited desorption in deionized water. These findings indicate that maize residue-derived biochar has potential as a calcium-retention soil amendment; however, soil incubation and plant-response studies are required to validate agricultural performance under practical conditions.
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