Organic Chinese Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Cultivation in Raised Beds with Organic Amendments in Thailand
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Abstract
This study investigated the effects of combining animal manures and plant-based organic amendments on the growth and yield of Chinese radish under raised-bed cultivation in Thailand, in response to the increasing demand for chemical-free produce and national organic farming initiatives. A 3 × 6 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications was conducted using three animal manures (cattle, poultry, and pig manure) and six plant-based residues (copper pod leaves, dried rice straw, rice husk biochar, rain tree leaves, old mushroom lumps, and filter cake). The results showed that animal manures primarily affected stem growth and root yield, whereas plant residues mainly influenced leaf characteristics. The interaction between animal manures and plant residues significantly affected leaf length, leaf biomass, and root size. Pig manure produced the tallest plants (28.94 cm) and enhanced canopy width, leaf dry weight, and root yield (40.26 cm, 19.31 g, 20.46 g fresh weight, and 1.39 g dry weight, respectively). Rice husk biochar significantly increased leaf width, leaf length, and leaf area (5.54 cm, 12.97 cm, and 45.79 cm², respectively). The combination of poultry manure and rice straw resulted in the highest leaf fresh and dry weights (310.54 and 29.34 g, respectively), while pig manure combined with filter cake produced the largest root diameter (64.16 mm), root circumference (19.33 cm), and root fresh weight (31.79 g). In contrast, poultry manure combined with mushroom lumps resulted in reduced growth and biomass accumulation compared with other treatment combinations. These findings demonstrate that appropriate combinations of organic amendments can improve nutrient availability, plant growth, and root development under raised-bed cultivation systems. The study highlights the potential of locally available organic materials for sustainable and chemical-free Chinese radish production in limited cultivation areas.
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