Physical and Combustion Properties of Charcoal Briquettes Produced from Mangrove Wood and Coconut Shell Waste
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Abstract
This research examines the physical and combustion properties of charcoal briquettes produced from mangrove wood and coconut shell agricultural residues, which were fabricated using a cylindrical compression mould. The seven formulations were prepared with mangrove wood and coconut shell ratios of 100 : 0, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, 50 : 50, and 0 : 100. The entire mixture consists of 0.5 kg of tapioca starch (binding agent) and 3 L of tap water. The charcoal briquettes have an outer diameter of 40 mm, an inner diameter of 14 mm, and a height of 80 mm. The properties analysed included physical properties: particle size, true density, moisture content and combustion properties: total heat value, and fuel usage characteristics. The particle size analysis revealed that mangrove charcoal powder had a finer average particle size of 48.2 ± 1.75 µm compared to coconut shell charcoal powder of 285.4 ± 20.36 µm. The true densities of mangrove wood and coconut shell charcoals were 1.3690 ± 0.0019 g/cm3 and 1.4095 ± 0.0016 g/cm3, respectively, indicating similar intrinsic density. Every formulation satisfied the Community Product Standard for Charcoal Briquettes (M.P.Ch. 238/2547) and had a gross calorific value ranging from 5,897 ± 510 kcal/kg to 6,886 ± 420 kcal/kg and a moisture content ranging from 4.211 ± 0.127% to 4.887 ± 0.164%. A higher coconut-shell fraction generally increased calorific value. During combustion, formulation M60C40 ignited fastest (7 min) and had the longest burn-to ash-time, 223 min, making it well-suited for long-duration applications. No formulation produced sparks during usability tests. In summary, the M70C30 formula releases little smoke and provides a consistent medium flame, indicating excellent performance for this research.
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