Effects of Feeding Unripe Plantain Peel Meal on Haematological Parameters and Serum Bio-Chemicals of Growing Broilers
Main Article Content
Abstract
Plantain peel has been reported to be rich in minerals and high in energy. These potentials have qualified it to be a research focus as a non-conventional energy source for the preparation of feed for broilers. It was on this background that this experiment was conducted for 6 weeks with eighty-four (84) day old broiler chicks. They were grouped into treatments and replicates at 2 weeks having attained an average weight range of 325.56±2.70 to 329.90±10.06 g to assess the effects of 0, 5, 10, and 20% maize replaced by unripe plantain peel meal (UPPM) in the chickens’ diet on their haematological parameters and serum bio-chemicals. The birds were assigned to each of the treatments replicated three times to contain seven birds per replicate using a completely randomized design (CRD). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the haematological parameters viz; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. The treatment significantly influenced liver function enzymes, high-density lipoprotein, and some metabolites (p < 0.05). ALP increased following an increase in the inclusion of UPPM in the diets but was within the normal recommended range. Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were highest in the control; suggesting their serum lowering potential by UPPM which may translate to lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure. The antioxidant assays revealed an upward rise in superoxide dismutase (SOD) following an increased percentage inclusion of UPPM. Following the outcome of this study, the recommendation of further research on UPPM in broilers’ nutrition was made. This may eventually lead to the discovery of a novel natural source of antidyslipidaemic, antihypercholesterolemic, and antioxidant agents from UPPM.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Upon acceptance of an article, the Pharmacological and Therapeutic Society of Thailand will have exclusive right to publish and distribute the article in all forms and media and grant rights to others. Authors have rights to use and share their own published articles.
References
FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fisheries Department; 2000. p. 1 – 5.
Henchion M, Moloney AP, Hyland J, Zimmermann McCarthy S. Review: Trends for meat, milk and egg consumption for the next decades and the role played by livestock systems in the global production of proteins. Animal. 2021;15(1):100287.
Ahmad BM. Animal Agriculture, a Sustainable Path to Nigeria’s Economic Recovery and Food Security. A paper Presented at 48th Annual Conference 50th Anniversary Celebration of the Nig. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2023; June 18-22; Held at Federal University of Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria.
Minakov AV, Lapina SB. Ensuring the economic security of the state in the context of western sanctions. Vestnik of Economic Security. 2021;2:305–312.
Butolina EA. Pig production development trends. In the collection: Youth science, 2021: technology, innovation. Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists, graduate students and students, dedicated to the Year of Science and Technology in the Russian Federation Perm. 2021;275–277.
Ponnampalam EN, Bekhit AED, Bruce H, Scollan ND, Muchenje V, Silva P, Jacobs JL. Production strategies and processing systems of meat: current status and future outlook for innovation - a global perspective.In Galanakis CM, editor. Sustainable Meat Production and Processing. London: Academic Press; 2019. p. 17–44.
Banerjee GC. A textbook of Animal Husbandry. 8th ed. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.; 2012. p. 139–500.
Kayode RMO, Ajiboye AT, Babayeju AA, Kayode BI, Oladoye CO, Adu KT. Proximate, mineral composition and microbial counts of over-ripe fried plantain (Dodo-Ikire) sold by vendors in Ikire town, Nigeria. Int J Innov Biotechnol 2013;2(4): 23–26.
Christiana J, Tobi NU, Tunde AO, Oluwatobi OO, Oluwasegun A. The proximate analysis, mineral composition, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of ripe and unripe peel extract of Musa paradisiaca. IJPBR 2022;2(8):1–7.
Mohammed A, Ibrahim M, Omran AA, Mohammed E, Elsheikh SE.Minerals’ content, essential oils composition and physicochemical properties of Citrus jambhiri Lush (Rough Lemon) from the Sudan. ILCPA. 2013;9:25–30.
Arun KB, Persia F, Aswathy PS, Chandran J, Sajeev MS, Jayamurthy P, et al. Plantain peel – a potential source of antioxidant dietary fibre for developing functional cookies. J Food Sci Technol. 2015.
Shadrach I, Banji A, Adebayo O. Nutraceutical potential of unripe plantain peels: A comparative study. Chem Int. 2020;6(2):83–90.
Arogbodo JO, Olowookere SO, Igbe FO, Adebayo IA. Assessment of unripe peels of plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) as high quality feedstuff for livestock in Nigeria. Nig J Anim Prod. 2021;48(3):111–121.
World Health Organization. General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2000. p. 35.
Heshu SR Modified Principles of Haematology 2016 PDF (MLS24101L). Laboratory Manual, Komar University of Science and Technology; 2016. p. 2-50.
Arogbodo JO, Osho IB, Faluyi OB, Awoniyi TAM. Haematological indices of Salmonella Gallinarum (Gr. D1-1, 9, 12) infected broiler chickens treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don). Nig J Anim Prod. 2020;47(1):65–80.
Gudiso XC, Hlatini VA, Ncobela CN, Chimonyo M, Mafongoya PL.Serum metabolites and weights of internal organs of broilers fed on varying levels of Acacia angustissima leaf meal. Can J Anim Sci. 2019;99:475–481.
Maciak S, Sawicka D, Sadowska A, Prokopiuk S, Buczyńska S, Bartoszewicz M, et al., Low basal metabolic rate as a risk factor for development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2020;8:1-9.
Marcos BC, Fabricio PR, Hugo RM, Mara RB, Antoniô VM, Cristiane FPM. Biochemical blood parameters of broilers at different ages under thermoneutral environment. Paper presented at: World Poultry Congress; 2012 August 5–9; Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
Bai X, Sifa D, Jiaqi Li, Shuangshuang Xiao, Aiyou W, Hong H. Glutamine improves the growth performance, serum biochemical profile and antioxidant status in broilers under medium-term chronic heat. J Appl Poult Res. 2019;28:128–1254.
Wang H, Zhong X, Shi W, Guo B. Study of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) activities in chickens infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus. AJB. 2011;10(45):9213–9217.
Uchegbu MC, Ogbuewu IP, Ezebuiro LE. Blood chemistry and haematology of finisher broilers fed with plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) peel in their diets. Comp Clin Pathol. 2017;26:605–609.
Adejumo DO. Performance, organ development and dermatology of rats fed sole diets of graded levels of cassava flour and soybean flour (soygari) as substitutes for energy and protein concentrates. Trop J Anim Sci. 2004;7(1):57–63.
Abdi-Hachesoo B, Talebi A, Asri-Rezaei S. Comparative study on blood profiles of indigenous and Ross-308 Broiler Breeders. Glob Vet. 2011;7(3):238–241.
Barde IJ, Habila SL, Ishaku LE, Leo SN, Isa S, Rimfa AG, et al. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broilers slaughtered at Bukuru Live Bird Market of Jos South Local Government Plateau State Nigeria ASVS. 2022;4(6):5–11.
Meluzzi A, Primiceri G, Giordani R, Fabris G. Determination of blood constituents’ reference values in broilers. Poult Sci. 1992;71(2):337-345.
Chen XH, Xia LX, Zhou HB, Qiu GZ. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Russula griseocarnosa sp. JPBS. 2010;6(4):13-16.
Esubonteng PKA. An assessment of the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a nutritional supplement in the diet. Kumasi: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; 2011.
MLAB. 2401- Clinical Chemistry Lab Manual XE 99. UNIT: Renal Function; 2023. p. 1–17.
Miturka BM, Rawnsley HM. Clinical biochemical and haematological reference values in normal experimental animals. USA, New York; Masson publishing;1977.
Nathaniel J, Amaduruonye W, Akinsola KL, Ibrahim Y, Agida CA. Growth performance, haematological parameters and serum biochemistry of broiler starter chicks fed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed meal diets. Nigerian J Anim Sci. 2022;24(3):141-151.
Afriyie DK, Ofori-Ameyaw E, Acheampong DO, Tuffour I, Appiah-Opong R. In-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant properties of stem extracts of Croton membranaceus IJPSR. 2020; 13(2):921–929.
Cafasso J. Plantains: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits.2023 [cited; July, 2024]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com.>health>food>nutrition
Hamendra SP, Anand K. Protective role of Citrus sinensis, Musa paradisiaca and Punica granactum peels against diet-induced atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunction in rats. Nutr Res. 2007;27(11):710–718.
Fekomiherbal. Plantain peel and its hidden benefits. 2023[updated 2023; cited July, 2024]. Available from: https://www.Fekomiherbal.com
Mallick C, Maiti R, Ghosh D. Comparative study on antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of separate and composite extract of seed of Eugenia jambolana and root of Musa paradisiaca in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rat. Iranian J Pharmacol Ther. 2006;5(1):27–33.
Surai PF, Kochish II, Fisinin VI, Kidd MT. Antioxidant defence systems and oxidative stress in poultry biology: An update. Antioxidants 2019; 8(235):1–36.
Egbuonu ACC, Ejike GE. Effect of pulverized Mangifera indica (Mango) seed kernel on monosodium glutamate-intoxicated rats’ serum antioxidant capacity, brain function and histology. EC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017; 4(6):228–243.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge C. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 5th ed. University Press; 2015. p. 707.