Bridging Therapeutic Gaps in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: The Potential of Silver Nanoparticles in Modern Topical Formulations
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Abstract
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) remain a significant health issue, with current treatments limited to symptom management and antibiotics for bacterial cases. No approved topical treatments exist for prevention and treatment across pathogens. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are promising due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, disrupting microbial cells and essential functions. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and potential of AgNP-based topical treatments like nasal sprays and microemulsions, which offer localized action, reduced side effects, and improved adherence. While nasal sprays provide convenience, microemulsions enhance bioavailability through sustained release. However, large-scale trials are needed to validate their safety and effectiveness. Unlike existing reviews, this work focuses specifically on topical applications, comparing different delivery systems and highlighting their respective advantages. The review outlines key pharmacological insights and proposes research directions for developing targeted, effective URTI therapies.
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