Antimicrobial Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Microemulsions for Potential Intranasal Therapy
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Abstract
Background: Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is commonly treated with antibiotics, but increasing resistance underscores the need for alternative therapies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, may offer promise when delivered intranasally via microemulsions.
Objectives: To synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticle microemulsions and evaluate their antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity for potential intranasal use in ABRS.
Methods: Two microemulsion formulations (A and B) were synthesized via chemical reduction. Characterization included UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans were evaluated using disk diffusion and broth dilution methods. Cytotoxicity was assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages using the MTT assay. VC₅₀ values were calculated.
Results: Formulations A and B had particle sizes of 256.7 ± 0.97 nm and 147.1 ± 2.7 nm, respectively, with zeta potentials near −2 mV. Both demonstrated limited antimicrobial effects (inhibition zones: 8–11 mm; MIC/MBC > 62.5 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity testing showed >70% cell viability at concentrations ≤4.0 µg/mL. VC₅₀ values were 8.6 µg/mL (A) and 4.1 µg/mL (B), indicating greater cytotoxicity for formulation B.
Conclusion: Both silver microemulsions exhibited acceptable in vitro cytocompatibility at concentrations ≤4.0 µg/mL but limited antimicrobial potency. Further formulation refinement is needed to enhance efficacy for potential intranasal applications in ABRS treatment.
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