Effect of Cocoa Husk Meal Supplementation on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cocoa husk meal supplementation on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total 200 of 1 day old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were used as the experimental animals. The completely randomized design was used in this study. The chickens were randomly allocated to 4 groups (type of cocoa husk meal supplementation: non-cocoa husk meal; cocoa husk meal; cocoa husk meal-crude extract; cocoa husk meal- micro emulsion extract) with 5 replicates of 10 chicks each. Chickens received feed and water freely available at all time (ad libitum) until 42 days experimental periods. The results showed that broilers fed the diet with supplemented of cocoa husk meal-crude extract and cocoa husk meal- micro emulsion extract showed higher average daily gain, protein efficiency ratio and productive index than broilers fed the diet with supplemented of cocoa husk meal. The diet with non-supplement cocoa husk meal showed the lowest growth performance (P<0.01). Furthermore, the results showed that broilers fed the diet with supplemented of cocoa husk meal-crude extract and cocoa husk meal-micro emulsion extract showed better feed conversion ratio than broilers fed the diet with supplemented of cocoa husk meal and non-supplement cocoa husk meal (P<0.01). In conclusion, this study indicated that supplemented of cocoa husk meal and cocoa husk meal extract in broiler diet showed growth performance improvement of broiler chickens.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The content and information in articles published in the Journal of Vocational Education in Agriculture are the opinions and responsibility of the article's author. The journal editors do not need to agree or share any responsibility.
Articles, information, content, etc. that are published in the Journal of Vocational Education in Agriculture are copyrighted by the Journal of Vocational Education in Agriculture. If any person or organization wishes to publish all or any part of it or to do anything. Only prior written permission from the Journal of Vocational Education in Agriculture is required.
References
La-ongsri, S. (2020). Knowledge about Cocoa. Chiang Rai: The Office of Agricultural Research and Extension, Maejo University. (in Thai)
Industrial Plant Research Group. (2020). Cocoa Production Situation. Available from https://www.doa.go.th. Accessed date: 14 March 2023. (in Thai)
Pholsin, R. (2021). Extraction of Pectin from Cocoa Shell and Application as an Edible Coating, (Master thesis, Chulalongkorn University). (in Thai)
Information and Communication Technology Center. (2024). Summary of Exports Import Products. Bangkok: Thailand's International Trade Statistics Information System, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Commerce. (in Thai)
Bureau of Agricultural Economic Research. (2021). The Study on the Production and Market Potentials of Cacao: A Case Study of Nan Province (Research reports). Bangkok: Office of Agricultural Economic, Ministry of Agricultural and Coopperatives. (in Thai)
Wirojanarome, W. (2022). The Development of a Community Business of Growing Cocoa for Career Development in Highland Communities Nan Province (Research reports). Bangkok: National Research Council of Thailand. (in Thai)
Arlorio, M., et al. (2001). Characterization of Pectins and Some Secondary Compounds from Theobroma cacao Hulls. Journal of Food Science, 66(5), 653-656.
Karim, A. A., et al. (2014). Antioxidant Properties of Cocoa Pods and Shells. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 8, 49-56.
Prakobsaeng, N., et al. (2022). The Study of Appropriate Cage Density of Laying Hen Raise Under Opened House in Hot Season (Research reports). MahaSarakham: Rajabhat MahaSarakham University. (in Thai)
Rakngam, S., et al. (2022). The Use of Phytogenic Additives to Alleviate Heat Stress in Broilers. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 50(6), 1549-1566. (in Thai)
Olugosi, O. A., et al. (2019). Nutritional Enhancement of Cocoa Pod Husk Meal Through Fermentation Using Rhizopus stolonifer. African Journal of Biotecnology, 18(30), 901-908.
Bentil, J. A., et al. (2015). Enhancement of the Nutritive Value of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean Shells for Use as Feed for Animals Through a Two Stage Solid State Fermentation with Plerotus ostreatus and Aspergillus niger. International Journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 3, 20-30.
Hernandaz, H. C., et al. (2018). Bioactive Compounds in Maxican Genotypes of Cocoa Cotyledon and Husk. Food Chemical, 240, 831-839.
Soares, T. F. & Oliveira, M. B. P. P. (2022). Cocoa By-Products: Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Beneficial Health Effects. Molecules, 27, 1625.
Canas, S., et al. (2022). Gastrointestinal Fate of Phenolic Compounds and Amino Derivatives from the Cocoa Shell: An in vitro and in silico Approach. Food Research International, 162(Pt B), 112117. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112117
Alemawor, F., et al. (2010). Broiler Performance on Finisher Diets Containing Different Levels of Either Pleurotus ostreatus-Fermented Dried Cocoa Pod Husk or Dried Cocoa Pod Husk Supplemented with Enzymes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 933-939.
Adejinmi, O. O., et al. (2011). Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Cocoa Pod Husk-Based Diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 13, 51-58.
Nortey, T. N., et al. (2015). Cocoa Pod Husk is a Potential Feed Ingredient in Laying Hen Diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(6), 119.
Benítez, V., et al. (2023). Changes in the Cocoa Shell Dietary Fiber and Phenolic Compounds After Extrusion Determine Its Functional and Physiological Properties. Current Research in Food Science, 6, 100516.
Chidan, C. S., et al. (2012). Utilization of Mango Peels (Mangifera indica) for the Extraction of Sugars. Der Pharma Chemica, 4(6), 2422-2426.
Xiangzhou, Y., et al. (2019). Liposome-Whey Protein Interactions and Its Relation to Emulsifying Properties. LWT, 99, 505-512.
Lutfi, C., et al. (2024). Development of Nanoliposome Formulation of Beta-Carotene Using High Speed Homogenizer Method. Pharmacy Education, 24(2), 1-8.
Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall.
Trease, G. & Evans, W. (2002). Phytochemicals. In Evans, W. C., (Ed.), Trease & Evans' Pharmacognosy 15th ed. (p.42-393). London, Saunders Publishers.
Slinkard, K. & Singleton, T. (1997). Total Phenolic Analyses: Automation and Comparison with Manual Method. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.
Tan, C. H., et al. (2009). Extraction and Physicochemical Properties of Low Free Fatty Acid Crude Palm Oil. Food Chemistry, 113(2), 645–650.
National Research Council. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. Washington: National Academy Press.
Steel, J. C., & J. H. Torrie. (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
SAS. (1998). SAS/STAT User’ Guide. North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc.
Chungsiriporn, J., et al. (2022). Effect of Using Dried Cocoa Pod Husk as an Ingredient in Laying Hen Feed on Egg Production and Quality. Journal of Science and Technology, Ubon Ratchathani University, 24(3), 11-19. (in Thai)
Donkoh, A., et al. (1991). Chemical Composition of Cocoa Pod Husk and Its Effect on Growth and Food Efficiency in Broiler Chicks. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 35(1-2), 161-169.
Adeyeye, S. A., et al. (2019). Processed Cocoa Pod Husk Dietary Inclusion: Effects on the Performance, Carcass, Haematogram, Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Enzyme and Histology of the Liver and Kidney in Broiler Chicken. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43, 54.
Akanbi, O. M. (2019). Performance and Health Implication of Feeding Fungi Treated Cocoa Pod Husk Meal on Broiler. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43, 55.
Olugosi, O. A., et al. (2020). Biologically Upgraded Cocoa Pod Husk: Effect on Growth Performance, Haemato-Biochemical Indices and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chickens. Journal of Food Nutrition and Agriculture, 3, 26-32.
Teguia, A., et al. (2004). Broiler Performance Upon Dietary Substitution of Cocoa Husks for Maize. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3(12), 779-782.
Olubamiwa, O. I., et al. (2002). Dietary Inclusion Rate of Cocoa Husks for Starter Cockerels. International Journal of Poultry Sciences, 1(5), 133-135.
Teguia, A., et al. (2004). Broiler Performance Upon Dietary Substitution with Treated Cocoa Bean Cake for Broiler Chicks. British Poultry Science, 39, 519-523.
Gemede, H. F., & Ratta, N. (2014). Antinutritional Factors in Plant Foods: Potential Health Benefits and Adverse Effects. International Journal Nutrition and Food Science, 3(4), 284-289.
Crommelin, D. J. A., et al. (2003). Nanotechnological Approaches for the Delivery of Macromolecules. Journal of Controlled Release, 87, 81-88.
Takeuchi, H., et al. (2001). Mucoadhesive Nanoparticulate Systems for Peptide Drug Delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47(1), 39-54
