Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Constituents in the Methanolic Extract of Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh and Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft

Main Article Content

Cholaraj Ragunath*
Yohannan Aron Santhosh Kumar
Iwar Kanivalan
Sruthi Radhakrishnan

Abstract

Marine macroalgae (seaweeds) are the potential renewable energy and promising resources of many biologically active compounds. The potential sources of commercial and therapeutic impact of seaweeds are still unaware. In this study, we aim to identify and evaluate the biological activity of Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh and Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft. The seaweed samples were shade dried and ground. The coarse powdered material was subjected to Soxhlet apparatus and successively extracted with methanol. The phyto-constituents of the seaweeds were analyzed by standard methods and GC-MS. The GC-MS results of C. racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh and P. boergesenii Allender & Kraft revealed the presence of hexadecenoic acid, butanoic acid, arachidonic acid, octadecadienoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, phytol and eicosatetraenoic acid. The seaweed extracts were subjected to antimicrobial assay by agar-well diffusion. Padina boergesenii Allender & Kraft showed the highest inhibition zones (23.6 ± 0.3mm and 22.7 ± 0.5mm) against Gram-positive bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh showed the highest inhibition zone (22.0 ± 0.8) against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts of both seaweeds, C. racemosa (Forssk.) J. Agardh and P. boergesenii Allender & Kraft, contain potential bioactive compounds with high antibacterial activity and could be deployed in the pharmaceutical applications.

 


Keywords: seaweeds; phytocompounds;  antimicrobial activity

*Corresponding author: Tel.: (+91) 96 77 87 42 20


          E-mail: ragunath.chola@gmail.com

Article Details

Section
Original Research Articles

References

Bjerregaard, R., Valderrama, D., Radulovich, R., Diana, J., Capron, M., Cedric Amir, M., Cedric, M., Hopkins, K., Charles, Y., Goudey, C. and Forster, J., 2016. Seaweed Aquaculture for Food Security, Income Generation and Environmental Health in Tropical Developing Countries (English). [online] Availabe at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 94783146 9090666344 /Seaweed-aquaculture-for-food-security-income-generation-and-environmental-health-in-Tropical-Developing-Countries

Divyagnaneswari, M., Christybapita, D. and Michael, R.D., 2007. Enhancement of nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus by Solanum trilobatum leaf fractions. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(2), 249-259.

Ghosh, P., Adhikari, U., Ghosal, P., Pujol, C.A., Carlucci, M.J. and Damonte, E.B., 2004. In vitro anti-herpetic activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Caulerpa racemosa. Phytochemistry, 65(23), 3151-3157.

Bouhla, R., Haslin, C., Chermann, J.C., Colliec-Jouault, S., Sinquin, C., Somin, G., Cerantola, S., Riadi, H. and Bourgougnon, N., 2011. Antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sphaerococcus coronopifolius (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) and Boergeseniella thuyoides (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales). Marine Drugs, 9(7), 1187-209.

Priyadharshini, S., Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K. and Ran, S., 2011. Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extracts Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813) from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1), S38-S39.

Kuda, T., Taniguchi, E., Nishizawa, M. and Araki, Y., 2002. Fate of water-soluble polysaccharides in dried Chorda filuma brown algae during water washing. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 15(1), 3-9.

Lavanya, R. and Veerappan, N., 2011. Antibacterial potential of six seaweeds collected from Gulf of Mannar of Southeast Coast of India. Advances in Biological Research, 5, 38-44.

Kolanjinathan, K. and Stella, D., 2009. Antibacterial activity of marine macro-algae against human pathogens. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 1(1), 20-22.

Holdt, S. and Kraan, S., 2011. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 543-597.

Leiro J.M., Castro R., Arran, J.A. and Lamas, J., 2007. Immunomodulation activities of acidic sulphated polysaccharides obtained from the seaweed Ulva rigida C. Agardh. International Immunopharmacology, 7 (7), 879-888.

Felix, S., Robins, P. and Rajeev, A., 2004. Immune enhancement assessment of dietary incorporated marine algae Sargassum wightii (Phaeophyceae/Punctariales) in tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Crustacia/penaeidae) through prophenoloxidase (pro PO) systems. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 33(4), 361-364.

Kolanjinathan, K., Ganesh, P. and Govindarajan, M., 2009. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of seaweeds against fish bacterial pathogens. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 13, 173-7.

Yadav, S., Bajagai, Athol, V., Klieve, Peter, J., Dart., Wayne, L. and Bryden, 2016. Probiotics in animal nutrition. Production, impact and regulation. In: Harinder P.S Makkar, ed. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 179, Rome: FAO, pp. 1-170.

Duke, 2016. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. [online] Available at: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/search/list

El-Baz, F.K, Hassan, A.Z., Abd-Alla, H.I., Aly, H.F. and Mahmoud, K. 2017. Phytochemical analysis, assessment of antiproliferative and free radical scavenging activity of Morus alba and Morus rubra fruits. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 10(6), 189-199.

Kumar, K.S., Ganesan, K. and Subba Rao, P.B., 2008. Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty-edible seaweed. Food Chemistry, 107(1), 289-295.

Bischoff, K.L., 2016. Chapter 40-Glucosinolates. [online] Available at : https://doi.org/ 10.1016/B978-0-12-802147-7.00040-1

Priyadharshini, S., Subramanian, B., Prabhu, K. and Ran, S., 2011. Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extract Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813) from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1, S38-S39.

Ragunath, C., Komathi, S. and Ragunathan, R., 2018. Molecular Characterization of Leptospira interorgans, isolated from animal samples. International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 6(2), 995-1004.

Mozhi, S., Muthuvel, A., Gnanambigai, D. and Thangavel, B., 2009. Total flavanoid and in vitro antioxidant activity of two seaweeds from Rameshwaram Coast. Global Journal of Pharmacology 3, 59-62.

Mcdonell, G.E. and Ruseell, A.D., 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants activity, action and resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(1), 147-179.

Igwe, O. and Onwu, F.K., 2015. Leaf essential oil of Senna alata Linn from South East Nigeria and its antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 5(1), 27-33.

Lahaye, M., 1991. Marine algae as a source of dietary fibres: determination of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre contents in some sea vegetable. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 54 (4), 587-594.

Chandrasekaran, M., Senthilkumar, A. and Venkatesalu, V., 2011. Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of fatty acid methyl esters from leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum L. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 15, 775-780.

Shahidi, F. Janitha, P.K. and Wanasundara, P.D., 1992. Phenolic antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Sciences and Nutrition, 32(1), 67-103.

Lee, A.C., Baula, I.U., Miranda, L.N. and Min, S.T. 2015. A Photographic Guide to the Marine Algae of Singapore. Singapore: Tropical Marine Science Institute.

Lee, K.L., Lee, S.H. and Park K.Y., 1999. Anticancer activity of phytol and Eicosatrienoic acid identified from Perilla leaves. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 28, 1107-1112.

Gideon, V.A., 2015. GC-MS analysis of phytochemical components of Pseudoglochidion anamalayanum Gamble: An endangered medicinal tree. Asian Journal of Plant Science & Research, 5(12), 36-41.

Tyagi, T. and Agarwal, M., 2017. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanol extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(1), 195-206.

Yu, F., Lian, X., Guo, H., McGuire, P.M., Li, R., Wang, R.B. and Yu, F., 2005. Isolation and characterization of methyl esters and derivatives from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) and their inhibitory effects on the human SGC-7901 cells. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8 (3), 528-535.

Pascual, G., Avgustinova, A., Mejetta, S., Martín, M., Castellanos, A., Attolini, C.S, Berenguer, A., Prats, N., Toll, A., Hueto, J.A., Bescos, C., Di Croce, L. and Aznar Benitah, S.A, 2017. Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36. Nature, 541, 41-45.

Fadeyi, O.E., Olatunji, G.A. and Ogundele, V.A., 2015. Isolation and characterization of the chemical constituents of Anacardium occidentale cracked bark. Natural Products Chemistry Research, 3(5), https://doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000192

Choi, J.S., Park, N.H., Hwang, S.Y., Sohn, J.S., Kwak, I., Cho, K.K. and Choi, I.S., 2013. The antibacterial activity of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids against several oral pathogens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34(4), 673-676.

Ogidi, O.C., Oyetayo, V.O. and Akinyele, B.J., 2015. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of extracts obtained from raw and fermented wild macrofungus, Lenzites quercina. International Journal of Microbiology, 2015, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/ 2015/106308

Sheela, D. and Uthayakumari, F., 2013. GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents from coastal sand dune taxon - Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.). Bioscience Discovery, 4(1), 47- 53.

Altameme, H.J., Hameed, I.M. and Kareem, M.A., 2015. Analysis of alkaloid phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(19), 1668-1674.

Bhakuni, D.S. and Rawat, D.S., 2006. Bioactive marine natural products. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128 (13), 4494, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja059852v

Pongprayoon, U., Baeckstreom, P., Jacobsson, U., Lindstreom, M. and Bohlin, L., 1992. Antispasmodic activity of beta-damascenone and e-phytol isolated from Ipomoea pes-caprae. Planta Medica, 58(1), 19-21.

Abubacker, M.N. and Devi, P.K., 2014. In vitro antifungal potentials of bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester isolated from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (Acanthaceae) inflorescence. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(1), S190-S193.

Mahabaleshwara, K., Chandrasekhar, N. and Govindappa, M., 2016. Phytochemical investigations of methanol leaf extracts of Randia spinosa using column chromatography, HPTLC and GC-MS. Natural Products Chemistry & Research, 4 (2), https://doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000202

Zaha, A.E., Rajashri, R.N., Ashok, K.S. and Sanaa K.B., 2016. Fatty acid analysis, antioxidant and biological acitivity of fixed oill of Annona muricata L. seeds. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 1-6.

Rodriguez, D., Carro, A.M., Cela, R. and Lorenzo, R.A., 2010. Microwave-assisted extraction and large-volume injection gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of multi-residue pesticides in edible seaweed. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 398, 1005-1016.

Kavitha, M. and Vidhya, I., 2014. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts of selected red and brown seaweeds from the Mandapam Coast of Tamil Nadu. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 38(1), 92-101.

Seenivasan, R., Indu, H., Archana, G. and Geetha, S., 2010. The antibacterial activity of some marine algae from South East Coast of India. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 9(5), 480-489.

Wikfors, G.H. and Ohno, M., 2001. Impact of algal research in aquaculture. Journal of Phycology, 37(6), 968-974.