Investigation of Macroscopic Characteristics, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, and Optimized Extraction Conditions of Justicia Gendarussa L. and Justicia Gendarussa Burm.f.

Abstract

This study investigated the macroscopic characteristics and preliminary phytochemical profiles of two closely related medicinal species, Justicia gendarussa L. (white gendarussa) and Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. (black gendarussa), which are traditionally used for relieving joint pain, muscle discomfort, and inflammation. Macroscopic examination revealed distinct morphological differences: the white gendarussa exhibited green stems and leaves with a pungent odor, whereas the black gendarussa possessed purplish-black stems and green leaves. Both species shared a white pith and a bland taste. Preliminary phytochemical screening, conducted through standard colorimetric and precipitation assays, showed the presence of alkaloids and tannins in both species. Notably, flavonoids and saponins were detected exclusively in the white gendarussa, indicating a potentially broader phytochemical diversity compared with the black variety. Solvent efficiency testing further demonstrated that 95% ethanol and 95% methanol produced comparable extraction capacities for the targeted constituents. These findings underscore the importance of accurately distinguishing between the two species, as variations in their phytochemical compositions may influence therapeutic efficacy and safety. The results provide essential baseline data to support future research on pharmaceutical development, quality control, and the standardization of herbal preparations derived from J. gendarussa.