Torrefaction Kinetics for Solid Shell Biomass
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Abstract
This research aims to study two-consecutive kinetics model for torrefaction process of macadamia shell which was conducted by thermogravimetric analysis using the thermal analyzer, at temperature of 280, 290 and 300° C for 60 minutes, the heating rate 20°C/min under nitrogen environment. Results showed four steps of thermal degradation of the torrefied macadamia shell. The first step involved moisture evaporation of the biomass, the second step related to thermal degradation of hemicellulose. The third and the final step were thermal degradation of cellulose and lignin. The mass yield of torrefied macadamia shell was 57.23% to 72.74%. The atomic H/C and O/C ratios decreased when the torrefaction temperature increased. This affected increasing of heating value. The two-consecutive kinetics model showed that the activation energy was between 31.72 and 78.73 kJ/mol with R2 in the range of 0.74-0.98. It can be proposed that the model is fit to predict the decomposition of solid biomass shell from torrefaction.
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