Influence of Various Factors on Hydrolytic Enzyme Activity and COD Removal Efficiency in Cassava Starch Wastewater by Marine Actinomycete Streptomyces sp. A1-3
Keywords:
Cassava starch wastewater, COD treatment, Hydrolytic enzyme activity, Marine actinomycetes Streptomyces spAbstract
Wastewater from the production line of cassava starch factories contains a significant amount of organic matter, necessitating treatment before discharging or reusing in the factory. Actinomycetes can produce various hydrolytic enzymes, especially carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, which are important in the biological wastewater treatment process because actinomycetes can utilize several growth substances such as sugar, polysaccharides and protein. In this research, the effects of carbon source, pH, salinity and incubation time on hydrolytic enzyme activity for producing reducing sugar of a marine actinomycete Streptomyces sp. A1-3 were evaluated. The maximum hydrolytic enzyme activity was found in the oatmeal yeast extract carboxymethyl cellulose (OYC) medium with a pH value of 4.0-6.2 and a cultivation time of 4 days. Salinities in the range of 0-35 practical salinity units (psu) had no effect on the hydrolytic enzyme activity of strain A1-3. Subsequently, the efficiency of Streptomyces sp. A1-3 in reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in cassava starch wastewater was evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The control tank had no Streptomyces sp. A1-3, while in the treatment tank, strain A1-3 was added. Aeration was supplied throughout the 16-day experiment. Water samples were collected daily for COD analysis and to measure reducing sugar levels. Within the first 4 days, the efficiency of COD reduction by strain A1-3 was 50%, higher than that in the control tank. During days 7-9, the COD reduction value of strain A1-3 remained almost stable in the range of 58-63%. Adding NaCl to adjust the salinity to 17 psu on day 10 increased the COD reduction. Between days 12 and 15 of the experiment, the COD was reduced by 79-81.82%, significantly different from the control tank. However, at the end of the experiment, the COD value in both the control and treatment tanks was higher than the standard of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand), indicating the need for further treatment of these wastewaters.
References
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (22nd ed.). Washington, DC: APHA.
Apinya, T., Sombatsompop, N., & Prapagdee, B. (2015). Selection of a Pseudonocardia sp. RM423 that accelerates the biodegradation of poly (lactic) acid in submerged cultures and in soil microcosms. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 99, 23-30.
Arnosti, C., Bell, C., Moorhead, D.L., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Steen, A.D., Stromberger, M., ... Weintraub, M.N. (2014). Extracellular enzymes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments: perspectives on system variability and common research needs. Biogeochemistry, 117, 5-21.
Atlas, R.M. (2010). Handbook of microbiological media. (4th ed.). Taylor and Francic Group: LLA.
Boufercha, O., Moreira, I.S., Castro, P.L.M., & Boudemagh, A. (2022). Actinobacteria isolated from wastewater treatment plants located in the east-north of Algeria able to degrade pesticides. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 38, 105.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A dye binding assay for protein. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-254.
Cai, T., Lin, H., Liu, Z., Chen, K., Lin, Y., Xi, Y., & Chhuond, K. (2019). Starch wastewater treatment technology. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 358(2), 022054.
Cortes-Lorenzo, C., Rodriguez-Diaz, M., Lopez-Lopez, C., Sanchez-Peinado, M., Rodelas, B., & Gonzalez-Lopez, J. (2012). Effect of salinity on enzymatic activities in a submerged fixed bed biofilm reactor for municipal sewage treatment. Bioresource Technology, 121, 312-319.
Fettig, F., Pick, V., Austermann-Haun, U., Blumberg, M., & Phuoc, N.V. 2013. Treatment of tapioca starch wastewater by a novel combination of physical and biological processes. Water Science and Technology, 68(6), 264-1270.
Gomes, S.D., Gomes, S.D., Fuess, L.T., Mañunga, T., Gomes, P.C.F.L., & Zaiat, M. (2016). Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria as a hindering factor for biohydrogen production from cassava flour wastewater in a continuous multiple tube reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41, 8120–8131.
Hozzein, W.N., Ahmed, M.B., & Tawab, M.S.A. (2012). Efficiency of some actinomycete isolates in biological treatment and removal of heavy metals from wastewater. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(5), 1163-1168.
Ihaka, R., & Gentleman, R. (1996). R: A language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5(3), 299-314.
Lemmer, H. (1986). The ecology of scum causing Actinomycetes in sewage treatment plants. Water Research, 20(4), 531-535.
Lemmer, H., & Kroppensted, R.M. (1984). Chemotaxonomy and physiology of some actinomycetes isolated from scumming activated sludge. Syst. And Appl. Microbiol., 5(1), 124–135.
Luo, Y., Lin, J., Wang, X., Yeerken, A., & Ma, H. (2023). Study on flocculation performance of new cationic starch-based sludge wastewater flocculant. Starch, 75(5-6), 2200226.
Oljira, T., Muleta, D., & Jida, M. (2018). Potential applications of some indigenous bacteria isolated from polluted areas in the treatment of brewery effluents. Biotechnology Research International, 2018, 9745198.
Omar, S. A., Abdel-Sater, M.A., Khallil, A.M., & Abd-Alla, M.H. (1994). Growth and enzyme activities of fungi and bacteria in soil salinized with sodium chloride. Folia Microbiologica, 39(1), 23-28.
Rojpanit, K., Tungkananurak, N., & Tungkananurak, N. (2017). Tapioca flour plant wastewater treatment with isolated effective indigenous bacteria from wastewater. Thai Journal of Science and Technology, 6(2), 140-150.
Sillapachai, P., Kutako, M., Watanadilok, R., & Watanachote, J. (2017). Study of hydrolytic enzyme activity from marine actinomycetes for COD treatment in cassava wastewater. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 45(Sup.1), 121-126.
Subramani, R., & Aalbersberg, W. (2012). Marine actinomycetes: An ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites. Microbiological Research, 167, 571–580.
Thai Tapioca Starch Association. (2023). Ordinary members. Retrieved January, 25 2024, from https://www.thaitapiocastarch.org/en/member/basic.
Tosungnoen, S., Chookietwattana, K., & Dararat, S. (2014). Lactic acid production from repeated-batch and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cassava starch wastewater by amylolytic Lactobacillus plantarum MSUL 702. APCBEE Procedia, 8, 204-209.
Tsigkou, K., Sivolapenko, N., & Kornaros, M. (2022). Thermophilic dark fermentation of olive mill wastewater in batch reactors: Effect of pH and organic loading. Appl. Sci., 12, 2881.
Watthier, E., Andreani, C.L., Torres, D.G.B., Kuczman, O., Tavares, M.H.F., Lopes, D.D., & Gomes, D.D. (2019). Cassava wastewater treatment in fixed-bed reactors: organic matter removal and biogas production. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3, 6.
Wood, T.M., & Bhat, K.M. (1988). Methods for measuring cellulase activities. Methods in Enzymology, 160, 87-112.
Wu, G., & Yin, Q. (2020). Microbial niche nexus sustaining biological wastewater treatment. Npj Clean Water, 3(1), 1-6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Food Health and Bioenvironmental Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
