In Situ Modification of Bacterial Cellulose by γ-Polyglutamic Acid: A Comprehensive Characterization
Keywords:
Bacterial cellulose, -Polyglutamic acid, Gluconacetobacter xylinusAbstract
Modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) with biopolymers enhances its physical and mechanical properties for medical applications, with biocompatibility being critical. γ-PGA, edible, water soluble, and high biocompatible biopolymer, is utilized across various medical fields. The purpose of this research was to investigate how g-PGA structural alterations of BC and its impact on mechanical, physical, and ultrastructural characteristics of BC. Gluconacetobacter xylinus was cultivated in HS medium supplemented with g-PGA at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% (w/v) in static cultivation at 30±2 °C for 16 days. Characterization of BC and BC/g-PGA were carried out by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TGA. Addition of g-PGA significantly increased dry weight of BC/γ-PGA in comparison to the control by 63.21%, 41.37%, 14.94% when 0.5% and 1.5% of γ-PGA was supplemented in the medium, respectively. The water holding capacity (WHC) of BC/g-PGA increased to 7.75%,11.49%, and 5.98% by addition of 0.5% and 1.5% g-PGA, respectively. Conversely, the water absorption rate (WAR) decreased by 28.45%, 29.46%, and 30.21% with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of γ-PGA supplementation, respectively. Addition of 1.5% γ-PGA resulted in improvement of compressive strength of BC/γ-PGA, increasing it by 451.65% over the control. BC/g-PGA showed higher crystallinity than native BC and FTIR spectrum confirmed the covalent bonding of g-PGA to BC resulting to transformation of dendritic structure to strip. BC/g-PGA had slightly higher thermal stability than BC. Based on WHC and compressive strength, the incorporation of 1.0% and 1.5% γ-PGA appears optimal, respectively. Thus BC/γ-PGA is a potential candidate for medical applications.
References
Abdelnaby, T., Li, Z., Cao, W., & Xue, C. (2023). The effect of gamma-poly glutamic acid as a cryoprotectant on crayfish physicochemical and texture properties during frozen storage. LWT, 184, 114905.
Aditya, T., Allain, J.P., Jaramillo, C., & Restrepo, A.M. (2022). Surface modification of bacterial cellulose for biomedical applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 610.
Argunşah, G., Gül, A., & Hameş-Tuna, E.E. (2019). Evaluation of a novel antibacterial wound dressing based on bacterial cellulose containing ɣ-PGA/chitosan complex. In Yazıcı Ş. & K. Köseoğlu (Eds.), HEZARFEN International Congress of Science, Mathematics & Engineering (pp.114-125). Izmir, Turkey: Asos Yayinlari.
Cazón, P., & Vázquez, M. (2021). Improving bacterial cellulose films by ex-situ and in-situ modifications: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 113, 106514.
Chawla, P.R., Bajaj, I.B., Survase, S.A., & Singhal, R.S. (2009). Microbial cellulose: Fermentative production and applications. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 47 (2): 107–124.
Dang, X., Li, N., Yu, Z., Ji, X., Yang, M., & Wang, X. (2024). Advances in the preparation and application of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 342, 122385.
Dou, C., Li, Z., Gong, J., Li, Q., Qiao, C., & Zhang, J. (2021). Bio-based poly (γ-glutamic acid) hydrogels reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanofibers exhibiting superior mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 170, 354–365.
Gao, H.-L., Zhao, R., Cui, C., Zhu, Y.-B., Chen, S.-M., Pan, Z., ... Yu, S.H. (2020). Bioinspired hierarchical helical nanocomposite macrofibers based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers. National Science Review, 7, 73–83.
Gu, J., & Catchmark, J.M. (2012). Impact of hemicelluloses and pectin on sphere-like bacterial cellulose assembly. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88, 547–557.
Heinonen, E., Henriksson, G., Lindstrom, M. E., Vilaplana, F., & Wohlert, J. (2022). Xylan adsorption on cellulose: Preferred alignment and local surface immobilizing effect. Carbohydrate Polymers, 285, 119221.
Hoa, G.-H., Hoc, T.-I., Hsiehb, K.-H., Sud, Y.-C., Line, P.-Y., Yang, J., ... & Yang, S.C. (2006). γ -Polyglutamic Acid Produced by Bacillus subtilis (natto): Structural Characteristics, Chemical Properties and Biological Functionalities. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 53, 1363-1384
Hu, Z., Liu, D., Wang, M., Yu, C., Han, Z., Xu, M., ... Nie, G. (2023). β-Alanine enhancing the crosslink of chitosan/poly-(γ-glutamic acid) hydrogel for a potential alkaline-adapted wound dressing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 231, 123157.
Lahiri, D., Nag, M., Dutta, B., Dey, A., Sarkar, T., Pati, S., … Ray, R.R. (2021). Bacterial cellulose: production, characterization, and application as antimicrobial agent. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 12984.
Lee, S.E., & Park, Y.S. (2017). The role of bacterial cellulose in artificial blood vessels. Molecular Cell Toxicology, 13(3), 257-261.
Liu, Q., & Zhu, S. (2023). Fractionation of depectinated sugar beet pulp into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with NaOH/urea/H2O and ionic liquid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242(2), 124706.
Mai, T., Wang, P.- L., & Ma, M.-G. (2024). Promising cellulose-based aerogel composites: Preparation methods and advanced applications. Composites Part B: Engineering, 281, 111559.
Ngearnpat, N., Chunhachart, O., Kotabin, N., & Issakul, K. (2023). Comparative assessment of gamma-polyglutamic acid and Bacillus subtilis cells as biostimulants to improve rice growth and soil quality. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 24(12), 46-59.
Park, J.K., Jung, J.Y., & Khan, T. (2009). Bacterial cellulose. In G.O. Phillips & P.A. Williams (Eds.), Handbook of hydrocolloids (pp. 724-739). UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Phruksaphithak, N., Kaewnun, C., & O-Thong, S. (2019). Bacterial cellulose production and applications. Science, Engineering & Health Studies, 13(1), 1-7.
Ranjha, M.M.A.N., Shafique, B., Aadil, R.M., Manzoor, M.F., & Cheng, J.-H. (2023). Modification in cellulose films through ascent cold plasma treatment and polymerization for food products packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 134, 162–176.
Sadeghi, S., Nourmohammadi, J., Ghaee A., & Soleimani, N. (2020). Carboxymethyl cellulose-human hair keratin hydrogel with controlled clindamycin release as antibacterial wound dressing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 147, 1239-1247.
Santos de Melo Fiori, A.P., Camani, P.H., dos Santos Rosa, D., & Carastan, D.J. (2019). Combined effects of clay minerals and polyethylene glycol in the mechanical and water barrier properties of carboxymethylcellulose films. Industrial Crops & Products, 140, 1116.
Seddiqi, H., Oliaei, E., Honarkar, H., Jin, J., Geonzon, L.C., Bacabac, R.G., & Klein-Nulend, J. (2021). Cellulose and its derivatives: towards biomedical applications. Cellulose, 28,1893–1931.
Shi, Z., Zhang, Y., Phillips, G.O., & Yang, G. (2014). Utilization of bacterial cellulose in food. Food Hydrocolloids, 35, 539–545.
Shih, I.L., & Van, Y.T. (2001). The production of poly-(γ- glutamic acid) from microorganisms and its various applications. Bioresource Technology, 79, 207-225.
Stumpf, T.R., Yang, X., Zhang, J., & Cao, X. (2018). In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering: C-Material Biological Application, 82, 372-383.
Su, J., Raghuwanshi, V.S., Raverty, W., Garvey, C.J., Holden, P.J., Gillon, M., … Garnier, G. (2016). Smooth deuterated cellulose films for the visualisation of adsorbed bio-macromolecules. Scientific Reports, 6, 36119.
Sun, B., Zhang, L., Wei, F., AL-Ammari, A., Xu, X., Li, W., … Sun, D. (2020). In situ structural modification of bacterial cellulose by sodium fluoride. Carbohydrate Polymers, 231, 115765.
Souza, E.F., Furtado, M.R., Carvalho, C.W.P., Freitas-Silva, O., & Gottschalk, L.M.F. (2020). Production and characterization of Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacterial cellulose using cashew apple juice and soybean molasses. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 146, 285–289.
Tunsound, V., Krasian, T., Daranarong, D., Punyodom, W., Jantanasakulwong, K., Ross, S., … Worajittiphon, P. (2023). Enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose composite films with inclusion of 2D MoS2 and helical carbon nanotubes for use as antimicrobial drug carriers. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 253, 126712.
Ul-Islam, M., Khan, T., & Park, J.K. (2012). Water holding and release properties of bacterial cellulose obtained by in situ and ex situ modification. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88(2), 596-603.
Wang, K., Shen, J., Ma, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, N., & Pang, S. (2021). Preparation and properties of poly(ethyleneglycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate)/polyglycolic acid (PETG/PGA) Blends. Polymers, 13(3), 452.
Yu, C., Han, Z., Sun, H., Tong, J., Hu, Z., Wang, Y., … Nie, G. (2024). Balancing mechanical property and swelling behavior of bacterial cellulose film by in-situ adding chitosan oligosaccharide and covalent crosslinking with γ-PGA. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 267, 131280.
Yuan, N., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Ye, H., Zhan, J., Lui, Z., & Rong, J. (2016). Superior hybrid hydrogels of polyacrylamide enhanced by bacterial cellulose nanofiber clusters. Materials Science and Engineering: C-Material Biological Application, 67, 221-230.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Food Health and Bioenvironmental Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
