Effects of ultrasonic mixing time and microwave irradiation time on biodiesel production from crude tung oil
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Abstract
Biodiesel is an eco-friendly alternative energy source for diesel engines that can be synthesized by the transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol. Tung oil (Vernicia montana Lour.) has poor oxidation stability due to the reactivity of the conjugated carbon–carbon double bonds in the constituent α-eleostearic acid. The ultrasonic and microwave-assisted transesterification of tung oil in the presence of an alkaline oxide catalyst was investigated. A laboratory batch process was optimized within parameter ranges for 28 kHz ultrasound mixing (5–20 min), microwave heating (0.5–3 min), methanol-to-oil molar ratio (3–9:1), and KOH catalyst concentration (0.5–1.5% w/w). The maximum transesterification yield was 93.68 ± 1.79%, with a higher heating value of 42.33 MJ/kg, a viscosity of 7.86 cSt, and a fatty acid methyl ester content of 98.83% w/w. The optimal procedure involved 15 minutes of ultrasonic mixing and 2 minutes of microwave heating at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 8:1 and a KOH concentration of 1.25% w/w at 60 ± 5°C. The optimized combination of ultrasonic mixing and microwave heating significantly improved the process conditions and product profile, indicating this technique to be an alternative to conventional methods of producing biodiesel.
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