Biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: Insights into diagnosis, risk stratification, and emerging therapeutic approaches
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to constitute a significant global health concern, playing a significant role in premature deaths and increasing healthcare expenditures. Its complex etiology and varied clinical manifestations present substantial challenges to both healthcare systems and individual health outcomes. Despite the numerous diagnostic methodologies available for the management of CVD, further extensive research is needed to elucidate the complex interrelationship between distinct factors, optimize biomarkers for early detection, and understand the critical role of certain proteins in CVD pathogenesis. Biomarkers such as cardiac troponins, hFABP, c-MyC, ANP, BNP, MRproADM, copeptin, CRP, IL-6, GDF-15, soluble ST2, galectin-3, soluble CD40 ligand, P-selectin, Lp-PLA2, MMP-9, catecholamines, granin proteins, and secretoneurin have significant diagnostic value for numerous CVDs. This review concisely summarizes the global impact of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors and discusses the roles of biomarkers in cardiovascular diagnostic processes. This review further discusses various therapeutic approaches, both current and emerging, that are applicable for curtailing different CVDs in the future.
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