Exploring the impact of demographic and environmental factors on interferon–γ expression in bone and soft tissue tumor: A case-control study
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Bone and soft tissue tumor are rare but have a high morbidity and mortality rate, with a recent increase in incidence. Interferon–γ, a part of the immune cell microenvironment, plays a crucial role in tumor development. However, the expression level of IFN–γ in both benign and malignant tumor is unclear. The impact of age, sex, and demographic-environmental factors on IFN–γ expression is also unknown. Therefore, a case-control study was conducted using tissue blocks from patients with bone and soft tissue tumor. Tissue blocks were divided into malignant (cases) and benign (controls). Independent variables include distance to shoreline, population density, elevation, as well as distance to farmland, urban center, and river. Linear, Tobit, and robust regression analyses were also performed to assess the effect of various demographic and environmental factors on IFN–γ expression levels. The results showed that there was a significant association between malignancies and population density, with positive associations for malignancies and population density, and negative for distance to shoreline. Malignant bone and soft tissue sarcoma type had higher IFN–γ expression than the benign type. Furthermore, IFN–γ expression was positively associated with population density and negatively associated with distance to shoreline. In conclusion, this comprehensive approach allows for further investigation into how proximity to different surroundings and demographic features influences tumor biological behavior, potentially informing prognosis and personalized treatment methods.
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