Development of an oral spray formulated with stingless bee propolis and mangosteen pericarp extracts
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This study developed an alcohol-free, sugar-free oral spray containing stingless bee propolis (SBP) and mangosteen pericarp (MP) extracts with desirable physicochemical properties and stability. The formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, and SBP and MP extract content using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and antibacterial testing against Streptococcus pyogenes. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was employed to assess the cytotoxicity of the spray to human gingival fibroblasts. Microbial contamination and stability were also examined. The formulations, which contained up to 25 mg of each extract, had a pH range of 6.02–6.54 and viscosities of 0.46–1.19 mPa·s, demonstrating Newtonian flow. The SBP and MP extract contents of the formulation ranged from 99.94% to 102.27%. The antioxidant inhibition rates were 62.04%–84.62%, while the antimicrobial activity was observed at a 50% concentration. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed over 50% cell viability in oral mucosal cells after 15 seconds of exposure. Microbial contamination met safety standards, and the formulations remained stable for 6 months under both normal and accelerated conditions, with the α-mangostin content ranging between 96.12% and 98.76%. This study successfully developed a novel stable oral spray incorporating MP and SBP extracts with favorable organoleptic properties, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial efficacy, indicating its potential for oral health applications.
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