Condensed Tannins in Some Tropical Legumes Residue
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Published:
Feb 4, 2015
Keywords:
condensed tannin ruminant feed tropical legumes crop residue
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare condensed tannin (CT) and nutritive values of two edible legumes residue (leaf and stem) i.e. Vigna unguiculata, ‘KVC7’ cultivar (KVC7) and Arachis hypogaea, ‘KKU 60’ cultivar (KKU60) with two tropical legumes i.e. Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 cv. Tha pra (Tha pra stylo) and Centrosema pascuorum cv. Cavalcade (Cavalcade). The Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted in this study, and data were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that condensed tannin (CT) (total CT, soluble CT, and bound CT) and percentage of either soluble CT or bound CT - varied with legume species. The residue of KKU60 had highest total CT (70.5 g/kg DM) and soluble CT (68.9 g/kg DM), while Cavalcade had the lowest total CT (8.4 g/kg DM). All legumes were found to possess 8.4-70.5 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of total CT. The residue of KVC7 cultivar had lowest DM (24.0%) and had relatively lower values in other traits, such as neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 33.5%), acid detergent fiber (ADF, 20.0%), and acid detergent lignin (ADL, 4.2%). The residue of KVC7 had high CP content (14.4%) similar to the residue of KKU60 (15.3%) but higher than Tha pra stylo (11.2%) and Cavalcade (11.5%). KVC7 and KKU60 had lower fiber and higher CP, comparing with Tha pra stylo and Cavalcade. The vegetative parts of KVC7 and KKU60 were recommended to use as feed stuff for the ruminants.
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Pootaeng-on, Y., Kimsri, N., Sooksom, S., Tangchaitam, S., & Na Chiangmai, P. (2015). Condensed Tannins in Some Tropical Legumes Residue. Science, Engineering and Health Studies, 9(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.14456/sustj.2015.2
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Research Articles
References
Aerts, R. J., Barry, T. N., and McNabb, W. C. (1999). Polyphenols and agriculture: Beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agriculture, Ecosystem & Environment, 75: 1-12.
Amiri, F. and Mohamed Shariff, A. R. (2012). Comparison of nutritive values of grasses and egume species using forage quality index. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 34(5): 577-586.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1980). Official Methods of Analysis, 13th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Association of Official Analytical hemists (AOAC) (1995). Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Argel, P. J., Lobo, M., Gonzalez, J., Romero, F., Holmann, F., Lascano, C. E., and Kerridge, P. C. (2000). The leguminous shrub, Cratylia argentea: a dry season feeding alternative for the humid tropic. Presented at the workshop “Working with farmers: The key to adoption of forage-based technologies,” October 12-15, Philipines.
Barrett, R. P. (1990). Legume species as leaf vegetables. In Advances in new crops (Janick, J. and Simon, J. E., eds.), pp. 391-396. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Barry, T. N. and Duncan, S. J. (1984). The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 1. Voluntary intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 51: 485–491.
Bate-Smith, E. C. (1973). Haemanalysis of tannins: The concept of relative astringency. Phytochemistry, 12: 907-9012.
Berard, N. C., Wang, Y., Wittenberg, K. M., Krause, D. O., Coulman, B. E., McAllister, T. A., and Ominski, K. H. (2011). Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 91: 669-675.
Devendra, C. (1976). Studies in the utilization of rice straw by sheep. IV. Effect of carbohydrate source on the utilization of dietary urea and nitrogen retention. Malaysian Agricultural Journal, 50(3): 358-370.
Devendra, C. (1980). Non-conventional feed resources in Asia and the Far East. In APHCA/FAO Report, pp. 99. FAO Far East Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand.
Devendra, C. (1982). Perspectives in the utilization of untreated rice straw by ruminants in Asia. In The Utilization of Fibrous Agricultural Residues as Animal Feeds (ed. P.T. Doyle), pp. 7–26. University of Melbourne Printing Services, Parkville.
Dixon, R. A., Liu, C., and Jun, J. H. (2012). Metabolic engineering of anthocyanins and condensed tannins in plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 24: 1-7.
Evaldson, O. (1970). An inventory of feeding system and feed stuffs, Chilalo Awraja,
Ethiopia. Minor Research Task at CADU No. 5. CADU (Chilalo Agricultural Development
Unit), Asella, Ethiopia.
Everist, S. L. (1986). Use of fodder trees and shrubs. Queensland and department of primary industries, Brisbane, Qld, 70 pp.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (1981). Production YearBook, 36: 306 pp. Rome, Italy.
Guimarães-Beelen, P. M., Berchielli, T. T., Beelen, R., Filho, J. A., and de Oliveira, S. G. (2006). Characterization of condensed tannins from native legumes of the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Braz.), 63(6): 522-528.
Griffin, J. L. and Jung, G. A. (1983) Leaf and stem forage quality of big and switchgrass. American Society of Agronomy, 75(5): 723-726.
Häring, D. A., Huber, M. J., Suter, D., Edwards, P. J., and Lüsher, A. (2008). Plant enemy-derived elicitors increase the foliar tannin concentration of Onobrychis viciifolia without a trade-off to growth. Annals of Botany, 102: 979-987.
Harricharan, H. J., Morris, J., and Devers, C. (1988). Mineral content of some tropical forage legumes. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 65(2): 132-136.
Heitschmidt, R. K., Gordon, R. A., and Bluntzer, J. S. (1982). Short duration grazing at the Texas experimental range: effects on forage quality. Journal of Range Management, 35(3): 372-374.
Heuzé, V., Tran, G., Hassoun, P., and Lebas, F. (2013). Sunflower forage and crop residues. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. [Online URL :www.feedipedia.org/node/143] accessed on February 14, 2013.
Hendricksen, R. E., and Minson, D. J. 1985). Lablab purpureus - A Review. Herbage Abstracts, 55: 215-227.
Intramongkol, C., Pongpaew, A., and Hutanuwatr, N. (1978). Improvement of the nutritive value of rice straw by supplementation. 2 Effect of supplementation with dry cassava leaf, rice bran or urea in mineral mixes on body weight gain and rice straw intake in cattle and water buffalo. Paper presented at the 16th Agricultural and Biological Sciences Annual Conference. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 3–5 February 1978.
Jackson, F. S., Barry, T. N., Lascano, C. E., and Palmer, B. (1996). The extractable and bound condensed tannin content of leaves from tropical tree, shrub and forage legumes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 71: 103-110.
Jackson, M. G. (1977). Rice straw as livestock feed. Wild Animal Review, 23: 25.
Kennedy, P. M., Lowry, J. B., Coates, D. B., and Oerlemans, J. (2000). Utilization of tropical dry season grass by ruminants is increased by feeding fallen leaf of siris (Albizia lebbeck). Animal Feed Science and Techology, 96(3-4): 175-192.
Kemp, D. R., and Culvenor, R. A. (1994). Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial grasses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(3): 365-378.
Khanbabaee, K., and van Ree, T. (2001). Tannin: Classification and definition. Natural Product Reports, 18: 641-649.
Kumar, R. A. (1983). Chemical and biochemical nature of fodder tree leaf tannin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32: 1364-1366.
Kumar, R. A., and Singh, M. (1984). Tannins: Their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32: 447-453.
Li, Y.-G., Tanner, G. J., and Larkin, P. J. (1996). The DMACAHCI protocol and the threshold proanthocyanidin content for bloat safety in forage legumes. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, 70: 89-101.
Lowry, J. B. and Wilson, J. R. (1999). Nutritional quality of tree and understory forage in silvopastoral systems. Annals of Arid Zone, 38: 363-384.
Makkar, H. P. S. (2003). Effect and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49: 241-256.
Mansfield, J. L., Curtis, P. S., Zak, D. R., and Pregitzer, K. S. (1999). Genotypic variation for condensed tannin production in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides, Salicaceae) under elevated CO2 and the high and low fertility soil. American Journal of Botany, 86: 1154-1159.
Marten, G. C. and Ehle, F. R. (1984). Influence of quality variation in four legume species on weight grains of grazing heifers, Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madision, WI.
Matin-Tanguy, T., Guillaume, T., and Kossa, A. (1977). Condensed tannins of horse bean seeds: Chemical structure and apparent effects on poultry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28: 757-765.
McMahon, L. R., McAllister, T. A., Berg, B. P., Majak, W., Acharya, S. N., Popp, J. D., Coulman, B. E., Wang, Y., and Cheng, K.-J. (2000). A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 80: 469-485.
Milford, R. and Minson. D. J. (1968). The digestibility and intake of six varieties of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Australian journal of experimental agriculture and animal husbandry, 8: 413–418.
Min, B. R. and Hart, S. P. (2003). Tannins for suppression of internal parasites. Journal of Animal Science, 81 (E. Suppl. 2): E102-E109.
Min, B. R., McNabb, W. C., Barry, T. N., Kemp, P. D., Waghorn, G. C., and McDonald, M. F. (2000). The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in sheep during late summer and autumn. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 132: 323-334.
Mueller-Harvey, I. and McAllan, A. B. (1992). Tannins: their biochemistry and anti-nutritional properties. Advances in Plant Cell Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1: 149–213.
Muhammed, S., Stewart, C. S., and Acamovic, T. (1994). Effects of tannic acid on cellulose degradation, adhesion and enzymatic activity of rumen microorganisms. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology, 3: 174.
Mupangwa, J. F., Acomovic, T., Topps, J. H., Ngongoni, N. T., and Hamudikuwanda, H. (2000). Content of soluble and bound condensed tannins of three tropical herbaceous forage legumes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 83: 139-144.
Naumann, H. D., Muir, J. P., Lambert, B. D., Tedeschi, L. O., and Kothmann, M. M. (2013). Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: A perspective on biological activity. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1): 8-20.
Norris, I. B. and Thomas, H. (1982). Recovery of ryegrass species from drought. Journal of agricultural science, Cambridge, 99: 623-628.
Peters, M., Tarawali, S. A., and Alkämper, J. (1997). Dry season performance of four tropical pasture legumes in subhumid west Africa as influenced by superphosphate application and weed control. Tropical Grasslands, 31: 201-213.
Preston, T. R. and Leng, R. A. (1987). Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and subtropics. Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia.
Poppi, D. P. and McLennan, S. R. (1995). Protein and energy utilisation by ruminants at pasture. Journal of Animal Science, 73:278-290.
Reed, J. D. (1995). Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 1516-1528.
Reed, J. D., McDowell, R. T. E., van Soest, P. J., and Horvath, P. R. J. (1982). Condensed tannins: a factor limiting the use of cassava forage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33(3): 213-220.
Reiber, C., Schultze-Karaft, R., Peters, M., Lentes, P., and Hoffmann, V. (2010). Promotion and adoption of silage technologies in drought-constrained areas of Honduras. Tropical Grasslands, 44: 231-245.
Robbins, M. P., Bavage, A. D., Strudwicke, C., and Morris, P. (1998). Genetic manipulation of condensed tannins in higher plants. Plant Physiology, 116: 1133-1144.
Shelton, H. M., Lowry, J. B., Gutteridge, R. C., Bray, R. A., and Wildin, J. H. (1991). Sustaining productive pastures in the tropics 7. Tree and shrub legumes in improved pasture. Tropical Grasslands, 25:119-128.
Sukharomana, S. and Dobkuntod, B. (2003). Peanut in the Thai food system: A macro perspective. In Peanut in local and lobal food systems, Series Report No. 8 (Rhoades, R. E. and Nazarea, V., eds), pp. 15.
Suttie, J. M. (2000). Hay and straw conservation for small-scale farming and pastoral conditions. In Plant production and Protection, Series No. 29. (FAO: Rome).
Tawinprawat, S., Tiebsri, S., Dean, B. T., and Naphuket, S. R. (1971). Comparison of high protein roughages in supplementation to rice straw in buffalo feeding. In Annual Report of the Northeastern Regional Office of Agriculture. Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Terrill, T. H., Rowan, A. M., Douglas, G. B., and Barry, T. N. (1992). Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 58: 321-329.
Tinnimit, P. (1983). Urea-ensiled rice straw as a feed for cattle in Thailand. The South African Journal of Animal Science, 13(3): 203-205.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:473–481.
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant, Cornell University, Ithaca, pp. 476.
Veteli, T. O., Mattson, W. J., Niemelä, P., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Kellomäki, S., Kuokkanen, K., and Lavola, A. (2007). Do elevated temperature and CO2 generally have counteracting effects on phenolic phytochemistry of boreal trees?. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 287–296.
Wanapat, M., Pimpa, O., Petlum, A., and Boontao, U. (1997). Cassava hay: A new strategic feed for ruminants during the dry season. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 9(2): IRRD Home Page.
Wang, Y., Douglas, S. G. B., Waghorn, G. C., Barry, T. N., and Foote, A. G. (1996). Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon lactation performance in ewes. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 126: 353-362.
Amiri, F. and Mohamed Shariff, A. R. (2012). Comparison of nutritive values of grasses and egume species using forage quality index. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 34(5): 577-586.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1980). Official Methods of Analysis, 13th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Association of Official Analytical hemists (AOAC) (1995). Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Argel, P. J., Lobo, M., Gonzalez, J., Romero, F., Holmann, F., Lascano, C. E., and Kerridge, P. C. (2000). The leguminous shrub, Cratylia argentea: a dry season feeding alternative for the humid tropic. Presented at the workshop “Working with farmers: The key to adoption of forage-based technologies,” October 12-15, Philipines.
Barrett, R. P. (1990). Legume species as leaf vegetables. In Advances in new crops (Janick, J. and Simon, J. E., eds.), pp. 391-396. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Barry, T. N. and Duncan, S. J. (1984). The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 1. Voluntary intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 51: 485–491.
Bate-Smith, E. C. (1973). Haemanalysis of tannins: The concept of relative astringency. Phytochemistry, 12: 907-9012.
Berard, N. C., Wang, Y., Wittenberg, K. M., Krause, D. O., Coulman, B. E., McAllister, T. A., and Ominski, K. H. (2011). Condensed tannin concentrations found in vegetative and mature forage legumes grown in western Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 91: 669-675.
Devendra, C. (1976). Studies in the utilization of rice straw by sheep. IV. Effect of carbohydrate source on the utilization of dietary urea and nitrogen retention. Malaysian Agricultural Journal, 50(3): 358-370.
Devendra, C. (1980). Non-conventional feed resources in Asia and the Far East. In APHCA/FAO Report, pp. 99. FAO Far East Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand.
Devendra, C. (1982). Perspectives in the utilization of untreated rice straw by ruminants in Asia. In The Utilization of Fibrous Agricultural Residues as Animal Feeds (ed. P.T. Doyle), pp. 7–26. University of Melbourne Printing Services, Parkville.
Dixon, R. A., Liu, C., and Jun, J. H. (2012). Metabolic engineering of anthocyanins and condensed tannins in plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 24: 1-7.
Evaldson, O. (1970). An inventory of feeding system and feed stuffs, Chilalo Awraja,
Ethiopia. Minor Research Task at CADU No. 5. CADU (Chilalo Agricultural Development
Unit), Asella, Ethiopia.
Everist, S. L. (1986). Use of fodder trees and shrubs. Queensland and department of primary industries, Brisbane, Qld, 70 pp.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (1981). Production YearBook, 36: 306 pp. Rome, Italy.
Guimarães-Beelen, P. M., Berchielli, T. T., Beelen, R., Filho, J. A., and de Oliveira, S. G. (2006). Characterization of condensed tannins from native legumes of the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Braz.), 63(6): 522-528.
Griffin, J. L. and Jung, G. A. (1983) Leaf and stem forage quality of big and switchgrass. American Society of Agronomy, 75(5): 723-726.
Häring, D. A., Huber, M. J., Suter, D., Edwards, P. J., and Lüsher, A. (2008). Plant enemy-derived elicitors increase the foliar tannin concentration of Onobrychis viciifolia without a trade-off to growth. Annals of Botany, 102: 979-987.
Harricharan, H. J., Morris, J., and Devers, C. (1988). Mineral content of some tropical forage legumes. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 65(2): 132-136.
Heitschmidt, R. K., Gordon, R. A., and Bluntzer, J. S. (1982). Short duration grazing at the Texas experimental range: effects on forage quality. Journal of Range Management, 35(3): 372-374.
Heuzé, V., Tran, G., Hassoun, P., and Lebas, F. (2013). Sunflower forage and crop residues. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. [Online URL :www.feedipedia.org/node/143] accessed on February 14, 2013.
Hendricksen, R. E., and Minson, D. J. 1985). Lablab purpureus - A Review. Herbage Abstracts, 55: 215-227.
Intramongkol, C., Pongpaew, A., and Hutanuwatr, N. (1978). Improvement of the nutritive value of rice straw by supplementation. 2 Effect of supplementation with dry cassava leaf, rice bran or urea in mineral mixes on body weight gain and rice straw intake in cattle and water buffalo. Paper presented at the 16th Agricultural and Biological Sciences Annual Conference. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 3–5 February 1978.
Jackson, F. S., Barry, T. N., Lascano, C. E., and Palmer, B. (1996). The extractable and bound condensed tannin content of leaves from tropical tree, shrub and forage legumes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 71: 103-110.
Jackson, M. G. (1977). Rice straw as livestock feed. Wild Animal Review, 23: 25.
Kennedy, P. M., Lowry, J. B., Coates, D. B., and Oerlemans, J. (2000). Utilization of tropical dry season grass by ruminants is increased by feeding fallen leaf of siris (Albizia lebbeck). Animal Feed Science and Techology, 96(3-4): 175-192.
Kemp, D. R., and Culvenor, R. A. (1994). Improving the grazing and drought tolerance of temperate perennial grasses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 37(3): 365-378.
Khanbabaee, K., and van Ree, T. (2001). Tannin: Classification and definition. Natural Product Reports, 18: 641-649.
Kumar, R. A. (1983). Chemical and biochemical nature of fodder tree leaf tannin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32: 1364-1366.
Kumar, R. A., and Singh, M. (1984). Tannins: Their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 32: 447-453.
Li, Y.-G., Tanner, G. J., and Larkin, P. J. (1996). The DMACAHCI protocol and the threshold proanthocyanidin content for bloat safety in forage legumes. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, 70: 89-101.
Lowry, J. B. and Wilson, J. R. (1999). Nutritional quality of tree and understory forage in silvopastoral systems. Annals of Arid Zone, 38: 363-384.
Makkar, H. P. S. (2003). Effect and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49: 241-256.
Mansfield, J. L., Curtis, P. S., Zak, D. R., and Pregitzer, K. S. (1999). Genotypic variation for condensed tannin production in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides, Salicaceae) under elevated CO2 and the high and low fertility soil. American Journal of Botany, 86: 1154-1159.
Marten, G. C. and Ehle, F. R. (1984). Influence of quality variation in four legume species on weight grains of grazing heifers, Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madision, WI.
Matin-Tanguy, T., Guillaume, T., and Kossa, A. (1977). Condensed tannins of horse bean seeds: Chemical structure and apparent effects on poultry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28: 757-765.
McMahon, L. R., McAllister, T. A., Berg, B. P., Majak, W., Acharya, S. N., Popp, J. D., Coulman, B. E., Wang, Y., and Cheng, K.-J. (2000). A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 80: 469-485.
Milford, R. and Minson. D. J. (1968). The digestibility and intake of six varieties of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Australian journal of experimental agriculture and animal husbandry, 8: 413–418.
Min, B. R. and Hart, S. P. (2003). Tannins for suppression of internal parasites. Journal of Animal Science, 81 (E. Suppl. 2): E102-E109.
Min, B. R., McNabb, W. C., Barry, T. N., Kemp, P. D., Waghorn, G. C., and McDonald, M. F. (2000). The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in sheep during late summer and autumn. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 132: 323-334.
Mueller-Harvey, I. and McAllan, A. B. (1992). Tannins: their biochemistry and anti-nutritional properties. Advances in Plant Cell Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1: 149–213.
Muhammed, S., Stewart, C. S., and Acamovic, T. (1994). Effects of tannic acid on cellulose degradation, adhesion and enzymatic activity of rumen microorganisms. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology, 3: 174.
Mupangwa, J. F., Acomovic, T., Topps, J. H., Ngongoni, N. T., and Hamudikuwanda, H. (2000). Content of soluble and bound condensed tannins of three tropical herbaceous forage legumes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 83: 139-144.
Naumann, H. D., Muir, J. P., Lambert, B. D., Tedeschi, L. O., and Kothmann, M. M. (2013). Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: A perspective on biological activity. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1): 8-20.
Norris, I. B. and Thomas, H. (1982). Recovery of ryegrass species from drought. Journal of agricultural science, Cambridge, 99: 623-628.
Peters, M., Tarawali, S. A., and Alkämper, J. (1997). Dry season performance of four tropical pasture legumes in subhumid west Africa as influenced by superphosphate application and weed control. Tropical Grasslands, 31: 201-213.
Preston, T. R. and Leng, R. A. (1987). Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and subtropics. Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia.
Poppi, D. P. and McLennan, S. R. (1995). Protein and energy utilisation by ruminants at pasture. Journal of Animal Science, 73:278-290.
Reed, J. D. (1995). Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 1516-1528.
Reed, J. D., McDowell, R. T. E., van Soest, P. J., and Horvath, P. R. J. (1982). Condensed tannins: a factor limiting the use of cassava forage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33(3): 213-220.
Reiber, C., Schultze-Karaft, R., Peters, M., Lentes, P., and Hoffmann, V. (2010). Promotion and adoption of silage technologies in drought-constrained areas of Honduras. Tropical Grasslands, 44: 231-245.
Robbins, M. P., Bavage, A. D., Strudwicke, C., and Morris, P. (1998). Genetic manipulation of condensed tannins in higher plants. Plant Physiology, 116: 1133-1144.
Shelton, H. M., Lowry, J. B., Gutteridge, R. C., Bray, R. A., and Wildin, J. H. (1991). Sustaining productive pastures in the tropics 7. Tree and shrub legumes in improved pasture. Tropical Grasslands, 25:119-128.
Sukharomana, S. and Dobkuntod, B. (2003). Peanut in the Thai food system: A macro perspective. In Peanut in local and lobal food systems, Series Report No. 8 (Rhoades, R. E. and Nazarea, V., eds), pp. 15.
Suttie, J. M. (2000). Hay and straw conservation for small-scale farming and pastoral conditions. In Plant production and Protection, Series No. 29. (FAO: Rome).
Tawinprawat, S., Tiebsri, S., Dean, B. T., and Naphuket, S. R. (1971). Comparison of high protein roughages in supplementation to rice straw in buffalo feeding. In Annual Report of the Northeastern Regional Office of Agriculture. Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Terrill, T. H., Rowan, A. M., Douglas, G. B., and Barry, T. N. (1992). Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 58: 321-329.
Tinnimit, P. (1983). Urea-ensiled rice straw as a feed for cattle in Thailand. The South African Journal of Animal Science, 13(3): 203-205.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:473–481.
Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant, Cornell University, Ithaca, pp. 476.
Veteli, T. O., Mattson, W. J., Niemelä, P., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Kellomäki, S., Kuokkanen, K., and Lavola, A. (2007). Do elevated temperature and CO2 generally have counteracting effects on phenolic phytochemistry of boreal trees?. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 287–296.
Wanapat, M., Pimpa, O., Petlum, A., and Boontao, U. (1997). Cassava hay: A new strategic feed for ruminants during the dry season. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 9(2): IRRD Home Page.
Wang, Y., Douglas, S. G. B., Waghorn, G. C., Barry, T. N., and Foote, A. G. (1996). Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon lactation performance in ewes. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 126: 353-362.