Review on “Membranes for Ethanol-Water Separation”
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Published:
Jul 22, 2016
Keywords:
pervaporation membrane ethanol purification seperation performance
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bioethanol fuel produced directly from the renewable biomass is one of the truly important energy developments in Thailand. Typically, the ethanol concentration after fermentation is quite low. Normally, ethanol, as called anhydrous ethanol or absolute ethanol used for fuel energy, is required 99.5% purity or concentration. It is necessary to use energy-effective separation method for concentrating ethanol up to the fuel level. There are several techniques used to purify ethanol such as distillation, membrane technology and molecular sieve separation. Recently, the less energyintensive technique of pervaporation is found to be a promising method for producing high-purity ethanol, but the overall economic feasibility is dependent upon the membrane. Thus, in this review, various membranes reported in literature are discussed and compared as to their advantages, disadvantages, and separation performance via the pervaporation process. It is found that different membranes provide different performances and advantages in ethanol separation. Other parameters governing the separation performance, such as temperature, ethanol concentration, membrane production method, and production cost, are also included.
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Chuntanalerg, P., Kulthipanja, S., Chaisuwan, T., & Wongkasemjit, S. (2016). Review on “Membranes for Ethanol-Water Separation”. Science, Engineering and Health Studies, 10(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.14456/sustj.2016.21
Section
Invited Article
References
Amnuaypanich, S., Patthana, J., and Phinyocheep, P. (2009). Mixed matrix membranes prepared from
natural rubber/poly(vinyl alcohol) semi-interpenetrating polymer network (NR/PVA semi-IPN) incorporating with zeolite 4A for the pervaporation dehydration of water–ethanol mixtures. Chemical Engineering Science,
64(23): 4908-4918.
Chen, J., Zhang, H., Wei, P., Zhang, L., and Huang, H. (2014). Pervaporation behavior and integrated process
for concentrating lignocellulosic ethanol through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. Bioprocess
and Biosystems Engineering, 37(2): 183-191.
Chowdhury, S. R., Kumar, P., Bhattacharya, P. K., and Kumar, A. (2001). Separation characteristics of
modified polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes using NOx. Separation and Purification Technology, 24: 271-282.
Chuntanalerg, P., Kulprathippanja, S., Chaisuwan, T, Aungkavattana, P., Hemra, K., and Wongkasemjit, S.
(2016). Highly selective performance of polybenzoxazine and mixed matrix membranes for ethanol purification. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 91: 1173-1182
Chuntanalerg, P., Naraprawatphong, R., Kulprathippanja, S., Aungkavattana, P., Hemra, K., Chaisuwan, T, and
Wongkasemjit, S. (2015). Novel polymeric membrane materials for ethanol/water separation via pervaporation.
Materials Research Innovations, 19: 398-402.
Di Luccio, M., Borges, C. P., and Alves, T. L. M. (2002). Economic analysis of ethanol and fructose production
by selective fermentation coupled to pervaporation: effect of membrane costs on process economics.
Desalination, 147: 161-166.
Dubey, V., Pandey, L. K., and Saxena, C. (2005). Pervaporative separation of ethanol/water azeotrope
using a novel chitosan-impregnated bacterial cellulose membrane and chitosan–poly(vinyl alcohol) blends.
Journal of Membrane Science, 251: 131-136.
Dubey, V., Saxena, C., Singh, L., Ramana, K. V., and Chauhan, R. S. (2002). Pervaporation of binary water-
ethanol mixtures through bacterial cellulose membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 27(2): 163-171.
Flynn, E. J., Keane, D. A., Tabari, P. M., and Morris, M. A. (2013). Pervaporation performance enhancement
through the incorporation of mesoporous silica spheres into PVA membranes. Separation and Purification
Technology, 118: 73-80.
Fu, Y.-J., Lai, C.-L., Chen, J.-T., Liu, C.-T., Huang, S.-H., Hung, W.-S., Hu, C.-C., and Lee, K.-R. (2014).
Hydrophobic composite membranes for separating of water–alcohol mixture by pervaporation at high temperature.
Chemical Engineering Science, 111: 203-210.
Ghofar, A. and Kokugan, T. (2004). The pervaporation mechanism of dilute ethanol solution by hydrophobic
porous membranes. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 18(3): 235-238.
Gimenes, M. L., Liu, L., and Feng, X. (2007). Sericin/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend membranes for pervaporation
separation of ethanol/water mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science, 295: 71-79.
Huang, S.-H., Lin, W.-L., Liaw, D.-J., Li, C.-L., Kao, S.-T., Wang, D.-M., Lee, K.-R., and Lai, J.-Y. (2008).
Characterization, transport and sorption properties of poly(thiol ester amide) thin-film composite pervaporation membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 322: 139-145.
Ikegami, T., Yanagishita, H., Kitamoto, D., Haraya, K., Nakane, T., Matsuda, H., Koura, N., and Sano, T.
(1999). Highly concentrated aqueous ethanol solutions by pervaporation using silicalite membrane - Improvement of ethanol selectivity by addition of sugars to ethanol solution. Biotechnology Letters, 21(12): 1037-1041.
Jiraratananon, R., Chanachai, A., Huang, R. Y. M., and Uttapap, D. (2002). Pervaporation dehydration of
ethanol-water mixtures with chitosan/hydroxyethylcellulose (CS/HEC) composite membranes: I. Effect of operating conditions. Journal of Membrane Science, 195(2): 143-151.
Kim, H. J., Nah, S. S., and Min, B. R. (2002). A new technique for preparation of PDMS pervaporation
membrane for VOC removal. Advances in Environmental Research, 6(3): 255-264.
Kim, J.-H., Lee, K.-H., and Kim, S. Y. (2000). Pervaporation separation of water from ethanol through polyimide
composite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 169: 81-93.
Kittur, A. A., Kulkarni, S. S., Aralaguppi, M. I., and Kariduraganavar, M. Y. (2005). Preparation and
characterization of novel pervaporation membranes for the separation of water-isopropanol mixtures using
chitosan and NaY zeolite. Journal of Membrane Science, 247: 75-86.
Kondo, M., Komori, M., Kita, H., and Okamoto, K.-i. (1997). Tubular-type pervaporation module with zeolite
NaA membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 133: 133-141.
Kuanchertchoo, N., Kulprathipanja, S., Aungkavattana, P., Atong, D., Hemra, K., Rirksomboon, T., and
Wongkasemjit, S. (2006). Preparation of uniform and nano-sized NaA zeolite using silatrane and alumatrane
precursors. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 20(11): 775-783.
Kuanchertchoo, N., Suwanpreedee, R., Kulprathipanja, S., Aungkavattana, P., Atong, D., Hemra, K.,
Rirksomboon, T., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2007). Effects of synthesis parameters on zeolite membrane formation
and performance by microwave technique. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 21(10): 841-848.
Kunnakorn, D., Rirksomboon, T., Aungkavattana, P., Kuanchertchoo, N., Atong, D., Hemra, K.,
Kulprathipanja, S., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2011a). Optimization of synthesis time for high performance of NaA zeolite membranes synthesized via autoclave for water-ethanol separation. Desalination, 280: 259-265.
Kunnakorn, D., Rirksomboon, T., Aungkavattana, P., Kuanchertchoo, N., Atong, D., Kulprathipanja, S., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2011b). Performance of sodium A zeolite membranes synthesized via microwave and autoclave techniques for water-ethanol separation: Recycle-continuous pervaporation process. Desalination,
269: 78-83.
Kunnakorn, D., Rirksomboon, T., Siemanond, K., Aungkavattana, P., Kuanchertchoo, N., Chuntanalerg, P., Hemra, K., Kulprathipanja, S., James, R. B., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2013). Techno-economic comparison of energy usage between azeotropic distillation and hybrid system for water-ethanol separation. Renewable Energy, 51: 310-316.
Lai, C.-L., Fu, Y.-J., Chen, J.-T., An, Q.-F., Liao, K.-S., Fang, S.-C., Hu, C.-C., and Lee, K.-R. (2012). Pervaporation separation of ethanol/water mixture by UV/O3-modified PDMS membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 100: 15-21.
Le, N. L., and Chung, T.-S. (2014). High-performance sulfonated polyimide/polyimide/polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane hybrid membranes for ethanol dehydration applications. Journal of Membrane Science,
454: 62-73.
Lee, O. K., Kim, A. L., Seong, D. H., Lee, C. G., Jung, Y. T., Lee, J. W., and Lee, E. Y. (2013) Chemo-enzymatic
saccharification and bioethanol fermentation of lipid-extracted residual biomass of the microalga, Dunaliella tertiolecta.
Bioresource Technology 132: 197-201.
Li, B.-B., Xu, Z.-L., Alsalhy Qusay, F., and Li, R. (2006) Chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (acrylonitrile) (CS-PVA/PAN) composite pervaporation membranes for the separation of ethanol-water solutions. Desalination 193: 171-181.
Lue, S. J., Chien, C.-F., and Mahesh, K. P. O. (2011) Pervaporative concentration of ethanol–water mixtures
using heterogeneous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed matrix membranes. Journal of Membrane Science
384: 17-26.
Ma, Y., Wang, J., and Tsuru, T. (2009) Pervaporation of water/ethanol mixtures through microporous silica membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 66(3): 479-485.
Mohanty, S. K., Behera, S., Swain, M. R., and Ray, R. C. (2009) Bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia
L.) flowers by solid-state fermentation. Applied Energy 86(5): 640-644.
O’Brien, D. J., Roth, L. H., and McAloon, A. J. (2000) Ethanol production by continuous fermentation-pervaporation: a preliminary economic analysis. Journal of Membrane Science 166: 105-111.
Pakkethati, K., Boonmalert, A., Chaisuwan, T., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2011) Development of polybenzoxazine membranes for ethanol-water separation via pervaporation. Desalination 267: 73-81.
Pandey, L. K., Saxena, C., and Dubey, V. (2005) Studies on pervaporative characteristics of bacterial cellulose
membrane. Separation and Purification Technology 42(3): 213-218.
Phiriyawirut, P., Magaraphan, R., Jamieson, A. M., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2003) Morphology study of MFI zeolite synthesized directly from silatrane and alumatrane via the sol-gel process and microwave heating. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 64: 83-93.
Praptowidodo, V. S. (2005) Influence of swelling on water transport through PVA-based membrane. Journal of
Molecular Structure 739: 207-212.
Robeson, L. M. (2008) The upper bound revisited. Journal of Membrane Science 320: 390-400.
Sathupunya, M., Gulari, E., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2002) ANA and GIS zeolite synthesis directly from
alumatrane and silatrane by sol-gel process and microwave technique. Journal of the European Ceramic Society
22: 2305-2314.
Shah, D., Kissick, K., Ghorpade, A., Hannah, R., and Bhattacharyya, D. (2000) Pervaporation of alcohol-
water and dimethylformamide-water mixtures using hydrophilic zeolite NaA membranes: mechanisms and
experimental results. Journal of Membrane Science 179: 185-205.
Smuleac, V., Wu, J., Nemser, S., Majumdar, S., and Bhattacharyya, D. (2010) Novel perfluorinated polymer-based pervaporation membranes for the separation of solvent/water mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science
352: 41-49.
Sun, H., Lu, L., Chen, X., and Jiang, Z. (2008) Pervaporation dehydration of aqueous ethanol solution
using H-ZSM-5 filled chitosan membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 58(3): 429-436.
Van Hoof, V., Van den Abeele, L., Buekenhoudt, A., Dotremont, C., and Leysen, R. (2004) Economic
comparison between azeotropic distillation and different hybrid systems combining distillation with pervaporation for the dehydration of isopropanol. Separation and Purification Technology 37: 33-49.
Vane, L. M., Namboodiri, V. V., and Bowen, T. C. (2008) Hydrophobic zeolite–silicone rubber mixed matrix
membranes for ethanol-water separation: Effect of zeolite and silicone component selection on
pervaporation performance. Journal of Membrane Science 308: 230-241.
Wei, W., Xia, S., Liu, G., Dong, X., Jin, W., and Xu, N. (2011) Effects of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molecular weight on performance of PDMS/ceramic composite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 375: 334-344.
Widjojo, N., and Chung, T.-S. (2009) Pervaporation dehydration of C2–C4 alcohols by 6FDA-ODA-NDA/Ultem ®
dual-layer hollow fiber membranes with enhanced separation performance and swelling resistance. Chemical Engineering Journal 155(3): 736-743.
Yanagishita, H., Kitamoto, D., Haraya, K., Nakane, T., Okada, T., Matsuda, H., Idemoto, Y., and Koura, N.
(2001) Separation performance of polyimide composite membrane prepared by dip coating process. Journal
of Membrane Science 188(2): 165-172.
Yoshida, W., and Cohen, Y. (2003) Ceramic-supported polymer membranes for pervaporation of binary
organic/organic mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science 213: 145-157.
Zhan, X., Lu, J., Tan, T., and Li, J. (2012) Mixed matrix membranes with HF acid etched ZSM-5 for ethanol/
water separation: Preparation and pervaporation performance. Applied Surface Science 259: 547-556.
Zhang, Q. G., Liu, Q. L., Zhu, A. M., Xiong, Y., and Ren, L. (2009) Pervaporation performance of quaternized
poly(vinyl alcohol) and its crosslinked membranes for the dehydration of ethanol. Journal of Membrane Science
335: 68-75.
Zhao, C., Wu, H., Li, X., Pan, F., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Jiang, Z., Zhang, P., Cao, X., and Wang, B. (2013) High
performance composite membranes with a polycarbophil calcium transition layer for pervaporation
dehydration of ethanol. Journal of Membrane Science 429: 409-417.
Zhu, Y., Xia, S., Liu, G., and Jin, W. (2010) Preparation of ceramic-supported poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan
composite membranes and their applications in pervaporation dehydration of organic/water mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science 349: 341-348.
natural rubber/poly(vinyl alcohol) semi-interpenetrating polymer network (NR/PVA semi-IPN) incorporating with zeolite 4A for the pervaporation dehydration of water–ethanol mixtures. Chemical Engineering Science,
64(23): 4908-4918.
Chen, J., Zhang, H., Wei, P., Zhang, L., and Huang, H. (2014). Pervaporation behavior and integrated process
for concentrating lignocellulosic ethanol through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. Bioprocess
and Biosystems Engineering, 37(2): 183-191.
Chowdhury, S. R., Kumar, P., Bhattacharya, P. K., and Kumar, A. (2001). Separation characteristics of
modified polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes using NOx. Separation and Purification Technology, 24: 271-282.
Chuntanalerg, P., Kulprathippanja, S., Chaisuwan, T, Aungkavattana, P., Hemra, K., and Wongkasemjit, S.
(2016). Highly selective performance of polybenzoxazine and mixed matrix membranes for ethanol purification. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 91: 1173-1182
Chuntanalerg, P., Naraprawatphong, R., Kulprathippanja, S., Aungkavattana, P., Hemra, K., Chaisuwan, T, and
Wongkasemjit, S. (2015). Novel polymeric membrane materials for ethanol/water separation via pervaporation.
Materials Research Innovations, 19: 398-402.
Di Luccio, M., Borges, C. P., and Alves, T. L. M. (2002). Economic analysis of ethanol and fructose production
by selective fermentation coupled to pervaporation: effect of membrane costs on process economics.
Desalination, 147: 161-166.
Dubey, V., Pandey, L. K., and Saxena, C. (2005). Pervaporative separation of ethanol/water azeotrope
using a novel chitosan-impregnated bacterial cellulose membrane and chitosan–poly(vinyl alcohol) blends.
Journal of Membrane Science, 251: 131-136.
Dubey, V., Saxena, C., Singh, L., Ramana, K. V., and Chauhan, R. S. (2002). Pervaporation of binary water-
ethanol mixtures through bacterial cellulose membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 27(2): 163-171.
Flynn, E. J., Keane, D. A., Tabari, P. M., and Morris, M. A. (2013). Pervaporation performance enhancement
through the incorporation of mesoporous silica spheres into PVA membranes. Separation and Purification
Technology, 118: 73-80.
Fu, Y.-J., Lai, C.-L., Chen, J.-T., Liu, C.-T., Huang, S.-H., Hung, W.-S., Hu, C.-C., and Lee, K.-R. (2014).
Hydrophobic composite membranes for separating of water–alcohol mixture by pervaporation at high temperature.
Chemical Engineering Science, 111: 203-210.
Ghofar, A. and Kokugan, T. (2004). The pervaporation mechanism of dilute ethanol solution by hydrophobic
porous membranes. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 18(3): 235-238.
Gimenes, M. L., Liu, L., and Feng, X. (2007). Sericin/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend membranes for pervaporation
separation of ethanol/water mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science, 295: 71-79.
Huang, S.-H., Lin, W.-L., Liaw, D.-J., Li, C.-L., Kao, S.-T., Wang, D.-M., Lee, K.-R., and Lai, J.-Y. (2008).
Characterization, transport and sorption properties of poly(thiol ester amide) thin-film composite pervaporation membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 322: 139-145.
Ikegami, T., Yanagishita, H., Kitamoto, D., Haraya, K., Nakane, T., Matsuda, H., Koura, N., and Sano, T.
(1999). Highly concentrated aqueous ethanol solutions by pervaporation using silicalite membrane - Improvement of ethanol selectivity by addition of sugars to ethanol solution. Biotechnology Letters, 21(12): 1037-1041.
Jiraratananon, R., Chanachai, A., Huang, R. Y. M., and Uttapap, D. (2002). Pervaporation dehydration of
ethanol-water mixtures with chitosan/hydroxyethylcellulose (CS/HEC) composite membranes: I. Effect of operating conditions. Journal of Membrane Science, 195(2): 143-151.
Kim, H. J., Nah, S. S., and Min, B. R. (2002). A new technique for preparation of PDMS pervaporation
membrane for VOC removal. Advances in Environmental Research, 6(3): 255-264.
Kim, J.-H., Lee, K.-H., and Kim, S. Y. (2000). Pervaporation separation of water from ethanol through polyimide
composite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 169: 81-93.
Kittur, A. A., Kulkarni, S. S., Aralaguppi, M. I., and Kariduraganavar, M. Y. (2005). Preparation and
characterization of novel pervaporation membranes for the separation of water-isopropanol mixtures using
chitosan and NaY zeolite. Journal of Membrane Science, 247: 75-86.
Kondo, M., Komori, M., Kita, H., and Okamoto, K.-i. (1997). Tubular-type pervaporation module with zeolite
NaA membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 133: 133-141.
Kuanchertchoo, N., Kulprathipanja, S., Aungkavattana, P., Atong, D., Hemra, K., Rirksomboon, T., and
Wongkasemjit, S. (2006). Preparation of uniform and nano-sized NaA zeolite using silatrane and alumatrane
precursors. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 20(11): 775-783.
Kuanchertchoo, N., Suwanpreedee, R., Kulprathipanja, S., Aungkavattana, P., Atong, D., Hemra, K.,
Rirksomboon, T., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2007). Effects of synthesis parameters on zeolite membrane formation
and performance by microwave technique. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 21(10): 841-848.
Kunnakorn, D., Rirksomboon, T., Aungkavattana, P., Kuanchertchoo, N., Atong, D., Hemra, K.,
Kulprathipanja, S., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2011a). Optimization of synthesis time for high performance of NaA zeolite membranes synthesized via autoclave for water-ethanol separation. Desalination, 280: 259-265.
Kunnakorn, D., Rirksomboon, T., Aungkavattana, P., Kuanchertchoo, N., Atong, D., Kulprathipanja, S., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2011b). Performance of sodium A zeolite membranes synthesized via microwave and autoclave techniques for water-ethanol separation: Recycle-continuous pervaporation process. Desalination,
269: 78-83.
Kunnakorn, D., Rirksomboon, T., Siemanond, K., Aungkavattana, P., Kuanchertchoo, N., Chuntanalerg, P., Hemra, K., Kulprathipanja, S., James, R. B., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2013). Techno-economic comparison of energy usage between azeotropic distillation and hybrid system for water-ethanol separation. Renewable Energy, 51: 310-316.
Lai, C.-L., Fu, Y.-J., Chen, J.-T., An, Q.-F., Liao, K.-S., Fang, S.-C., Hu, C.-C., and Lee, K.-R. (2012). Pervaporation separation of ethanol/water mixture by UV/O3-modified PDMS membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 100: 15-21.
Le, N. L., and Chung, T.-S. (2014). High-performance sulfonated polyimide/polyimide/polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane hybrid membranes for ethanol dehydration applications. Journal of Membrane Science,
454: 62-73.
Lee, O. K., Kim, A. L., Seong, D. H., Lee, C. G., Jung, Y. T., Lee, J. W., and Lee, E. Y. (2013) Chemo-enzymatic
saccharification and bioethanol fermentation of lipid-extracted residual biomass of the microalga, Dunaliella tertiolecta.
Bioresource Technology 132: 197-201.
Li, B.-B., Xu, Z.-L., Alsalhy Qusay, F., and Li, R. (2006) Chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (acrylonitrile) (CS-PVA/PAN) composite pervaporation membranes for the separation of ethanol-water solutions. Desalination 193: 171-181.
Lue, S. J., Chien, C.-F., and Mahesh, K. P. O. (2011) Pervaporative concentration of ethanol–water mixtures
using heterogeneous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed matrix membranes. Journal of Membrane Science
384: 17-26.
Ma, Y., Wang, J., and Tsuru, T. (2009) Pervaporation of water/ethanol mixtures through microporous silica membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 66(3): 479-485.
Mohanty, S. K., Behera, S., Swain, M. R., and Ray, R. C. (2009) Bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia
L.) flowers by solid-state fermentation. Applied Energy 86(5): 640-644.
O’Brien, D. J., Roth, L. H., and McAloon, A. J. (2000) Ethanol production by continuous fermentation-pervaporation: a preliminary economic analysis. Journal of Membrane Science 166: 105-111.
Pakkethati, K., Boonmalert, A., Chaisuwan, T., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2011) Development of polybenzoxazine membranes for ethanol-water separation via pervaporation. Desalination 267: 73-81.
Pandey, L. K., Saxena, C., and Dubey, V. (2005) Studies on pervaporative characteristics of bacterial cellulose
membrane. Separation and Purification Technology 42(3): 213-218.
Phiriyawirut, P., Magaraphan, R., Jamieson, A. M., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2003) Morphology study of MFI zeolite synthesized directly from silatrane and alumatrane via the sol-gel process and microwave heating. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 64: 83-93.
Praptowidodo, V. S. (2005) Influence of swelling on water transport through PVA-based membrane. Journal of
Molecular Structure 739: 207-212.
Robeson, L. M. (2008) The upper bound revisited. Journal of Membrane Science 320: 390-400.
Sathupunya, M., Gulari, E., and Wongkasemjit, S. (2002) ANA and GIS zeolite synthesis directly from
alumatrane and silatrane by sol-gel process and microwave technique. Journal of the European Ceramic Society
22: 2305-2314.
Shah, D., Kissick, K., Ghorpade, A., Hannah, R., and Bhattacharyya, D. (2000) Pervaporation of alcohol-
water and dimethylformamide-water mixtures using hydrophilic zeolite NaA membranes: mechanisms and
experimental results. Journal of Membrane Science 179: 185-205.
Smuleac, V., Wu, J., Nemser, S., Majumdar, S., and Bhattacharyya, D. (2010) Novel perfluorinated polymer-based pervaporation membranes for the separation of solvent/water mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science
352: 41-49.
Sun, H., Lu, L., Chen, X., and Jiang, Z. (2008) Pervaporation dehydration of aqueous ethanol solution
using H-ZSM-5 filled chitosan membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 58(3): 429-436.
Van Hoof, V., Van den Abeele, L., Buekenhoudt, A., Dotremont, C., and Leysen, R. (2004) Economic
comparison between azeotropic distillation and different hybrid systems combining distillation with pervaporation for the dehydration of isopropanol. Separation and Purification Technology 37: 33-49.
Vane, L. M., Namboodiri, V. V., and Bowen, T. C. (2008) Hydrophobic zeolite–silicone rubber mixed matrix
membranes for ethanol-water separation: Effect of zeolite and silicone component selection on
pervaporation performance. Journal of Membrane Science 308: 230-241.
Wei, W., Xia, S., Liu, G., Dong, X., Jin, W., and Xu, N. (2011) Effects of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molecular weight on performance of PDMS/ceramic composite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 375: 334-344.
Widjojo, N., and Chung, T.-S. (2009) Pervaporation dehydration of C2–C4 alcohols by 6FDA-ODA-NDA/Ultem ®
dual-layer hollow fiber membranes with enhanced separation performance and swelling resistance. Chemical Engineering Journal 155(3): 736-743.
Yanagishita, H., Kitamoto, D., Haraya, K., Nakane, T., Okada, T., Matsuda, H., Idemoto, Y., and Koura, N.
(2001) Separation performance of polyimide composite membrane prepared by dip coating process. Journal
of Membrane Science 188(2): 165-172.
Yoshida, W., and Cohen, Y. (2003) Ceramic-supported polymer membranes for pervaporation of binary
organic/organic mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science 213: 145-157.
Zhan, X., Lu, J., Tan, T., and Li, J. (2012) Mixed matrix membranes with HF acid etched ZSM-5 for ethanol/
water separation: Preparation and pervaporation performance. Applied Surface Science 259: 547-556.
Zhang, Q. G., Liu, Q. L., Zhu, A. M., Xiong, Y., and Ren, L. (2009) Pervaporation performance of quaternized
poly(vinyl alcohol) and its crosslinked membranes for the dehydration of ethanol. Journal of Membrane Science
335: 68-75.
Zhao, C., Wu, H., Li, X., Pan, F., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Jiang, Z., Zhang, P., Cao, X., and Wang, B. (2013) High
performance composite membranes with a polycarbophil calcium transition layer for pervaporation
dehydration of ethanol. Journal of Membrane Science 429: 409-417.
Zhu, Y., Xia, S., Liu, G., and Jin, W. (2010) Preparation of ceramic-supported poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan
composite membranes and their applications in pervaporation dehydration of organic/water mixtures. Journal of Membrane Science 349: 341-348.