Blueberries and Metabolic Syndrome
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
blueberries metabolic syndrome antioxidants diabetes hypertension hyperlipidemia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases,which includes type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Studies have shown thatoxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes and itscomplications. Antioxidants provide protection from these chronic diseases. Antioxidants can be obtained fromfruits, and blueberries have the highest antioxidant activity compared to other fruits. The health benefits ofblueberries have been widely explored. The effects of blueberries on metabolic syndrome are reviewed.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Mizuno, C. S., & Rimando, A. M. (2013). Blueberries and Metabolic Syndrome. Science, Engineering and Health Studies, 3(2), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.14456/sustj.2009.5
Section
Invited Article
References
Abidov, M., Ramazanov, A., Jimenez Del Rio, M., and Chkhikvishvili, I. (2006). Effect of Blueberin on fasting glucose, C-reactive protein and plasma aminotransferases, in female volunteers with diabetes type 2: double-blind, placebo controlled clinical study. Georgian Medical News, 141: 66-72.
Agudo, A., Cabrera, L., Amiano, P., Ardanaz, E., Barricarte, A., Berenguer, T., Chirlaque, M. D., Dorronsoro, M., Jakszyn, P., Larranaga, N., Martinez, C., Navarro, C., Quiros, J. R., Sanchez, M. J., Tormo, M. J., and Gonzalez, C. A. (2007). Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(6): 1634-1642.
American Heart Association. (2009). Metabolic syndrome statistics [Online URL: www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1236355725579METABOLIC.pdf] accessed on August 17, 2009.
Ames, B. M., Shigena, M. K., and Hagen, T. M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings from the National Academic of Science of the United States of America, 90 (17): 7915-7922.
Anderson, J. W. and Siesel, A. E. (1990). Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat products. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 270: 17-36.
Avila da Silveira, N. G., Vargas, P. N., and Severo da Rosa, C. (2007). Blueberry (Highbush group) polyphenols content and chemical composition. Alimentos e Nutricao, 18(4): 365-370.
Bailey, C. J. and Day, C. (2004). Metformin: its botanical background. Practical Diabetes International, 21(3): 115-117.
Benavente-Garcia, O., Castillo, J., Alcaraz, M., Vicente, V., Del Rio, J. A., and Ortuno, A. Beneficial action of citrus flavonoids on multiple cancer-related biological pathways. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 7(8): 795-809.
Benetou, V., Orfanos, P., Lagiou, P., Trichopoulos, D., Boffetta, P., and Trichopoulou, A. (2008). Vegetables and fruits in relation to cancer risk: Evidence from the Greek EPIC Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 17(2): 387-392.
Cignarella, A., Nastasi, M., Cavalli, E., and Puglisi, L. (1996). Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of a rat dyslipidemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thrombosis Research, 84(5): 311-322.
Cos, P., Calomme, M., Pieters, L., Vlietinck, A. J., and Vanden Berghe, D. (2000). Structure-activity relationship of flavonoids as antioxidant and pro-oxidant compounds. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 22 (Bioactive Natural Products (Part C)): 307-341.
Czernichow, S., Vergnaud, A.-C., Galan, P., Arnaud, J., Favier, A., Faure, H., Huxley, R., Hercberg, H., and Ahluwalia, N. (2009). Effects of long-term antioxidant supplementation and association of serum antioxidant concentrations with risk of metabolic syndrome in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(2): 329-335.
Das, S. and Das, D. K. (2007). Resveratrol: a therapeutic promise for cardiovascular diseases. Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, 2(2): 133-138.
Daskalopoulou, S. S., Athyros, V. G., Kolovou, G. D., Anagnostopoulou, K. K., and Mikhailidis, D. P. (2006). Definitions of metabolic syndrome: where are we now? Current Vascular Pharmacology, 4(3): 185-197.
DeFuria, J., Bennett, G., Strissel, K. J., Perfield, J. W., II, Milbury, P. E., Greenberg, A. S., and Obin, M. S. (2009). Dietary blueberry attenuates whole-body insulin resistance in high fat-fed mice by reducing adipocyte death and its inflammatory sequelae. Journal of Nutrition, 139(8): 1510-1516.
Ellingsen, I., Hjerkinn, E. M., Seljeflot, I., Arnesen, H., and Tonstad, S. (2008). Consumption of fruit and berries is inversely associated with carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men. British Journal of Nutrition, 99(3): 674-681.
Flordellis, C. S., Ilias, I., and Papavassiliou, A. G. (2005). New therapeutic options for the metabolic syndrome: What’s next? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(6): 254-260.
Gao, F., Nelson, A. H., Lopez, B. L., Christopher, T. A., and Yue, T. L. (2001). Oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction in stroke-prone spontaneous hypertensive rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 298(3): 879-885.
Grace, M. H., Ribnicky, D. M., Kuhn, P., Poulev, A., Logendra, S., Yousef, G. G., Raskin, I., and Lila, M. A. (2009). Hypoglycemic activity of a novel anthocyanin-rich formulation from lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton. Phytomedicine, 16(5): 406-415.
Haffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Pyorala, K., and Laakso, M. (1998). Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(4): 229-234.
Hamauzu, Y., Nosaka, T., Ishizuka, Y., and Sugimoto, M. (2005). Effects of daily blueberry intake and spontaneous exercise on risk factors for arteriosclerosis in rats. Nippon Eiyo, Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 58(5): 259-266.
Huang, E. S., Basu, A., O’Grady, M., and Capretta, J. C. (2009). Projecting the future diabetes population size and related costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care, 32(12): 2225-2229.
Ikeda, I., Hamamoto, R., Uzu, K., Imaizumi, K., Nagao, K., Yanagita, T., Suzuki, Y., Kobayashi, M., and Kakuda, T. (2005). Dietary gallate esters of tea catechins reduce deposition of visceral fat, hepatic triacylglycerol, and activities of hepatic enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis in rats. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry, 69(5): 1049-1053.
International Diabetes Federation (2009). [Online URL: www.idf.org/diabetes-prevalence] accessed on August 25, 2009.
James, W. P. T., Astrup, A., and Finer, N. (2000). Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: A randomized trial. Lancet, 356: 2119-2125.
Jellin, J. M., Gregory, P. J., Batz, F., and Hitchens, K. (2005). Natural medicines comprehensive database. In Pharmacist’s Letter/Prescriber’s Letter, pp 2239. Therapeutic Research Faculty, Stockton, California.
Jeong, C.-H., Choi, S.-G., and Heo, H. J. (2008). Analysis of nutritional compositions and antioxidative activities of Korean commercial blueberry and raspberry. Han’guk Sikp’um Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi, 37(11): 1375-1381.
Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N. A., Bielinski, D., Martin, A., McEwen, J. J., and Bickford, P. C. (1999). Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(18): 8114-8121.
Joseph, J. A., Denisova, N. A., Arendash, G., Gordon, M., Diamond, D., Shukitt-Hale, B., and Morgan, D. (2003). Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer Disease Model. Nutrition and Neuroscience, 6(3): 153-162.
Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., and Casadesus, G. (2005). Reversing the deleterious effects of aging on neuronal communication and behavior: Beneficial properties of fruit polyphenolic compounds. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1 Suppl): 313S-316S.
Kahlon, T. S. and Smith, G. E. (2006). In vitro binding of bile acids by blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), plums (Prunus spp.), prunes (Prunus spp.), strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa), cherries (Malpighia punicifolia), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and apples (Malus sylvestris). Food Chemistry, 100(3): 1182-1187.
Kalt, W., Foote, K., Fillmore, S. A. E., Lyon, Martha., Van Lunen, T. A., and McRae, K. B. (2008). Effect of blueberry feeding on plasma lipids in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 100(1): 70-78.
Khan, N., Afaq, F., and Mukhtar, H. (2008). Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: Progress and promise. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 10(3): 475-510.
Li, X. C., Joshi, A. S., ElSohly, H. N., Khan, S. I., Jacob, M. R., Zhang, Z., Khan, I. A., Ferreira, D., Walker, L. A., Broedel, S. E., Jr., Raulli, R. E., and Cihlar, R. L. (2002) Fatty acid synthase inhibitors from plants: isolation, structure elucidation, and SAR studies. Journal of Natural Products, 65(12): 1909-1914.
Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., DeSimone, G., Ferguson, B. T., Flegal, K., Ford, E., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase, N., Hailpern, S., Ho, M., Howard, V., Kissela, B., Kittner, S., Lackland, D., Lisabeth, L., Marelli, A., McDermott, M., Meigs, J., Mozaffarian, D., Nichol, G., O’Donnell, C., Roger, V., Rosamond, W., Sacco, R., Sorlie, P., Stafford, R.,Steinberger, J., Thom, T., Wasserthiel-Smoller, S., Wong, N., Wylie-Rosett, J., and Hong, Y. (2009). Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 119(3): 480-6.
Lund, E. K., Gee, J. M., Brown, J. C., Wood, P. J., and Johnson, I. T. (1989). Effect of oat gum on the physical properties of the gastrointestinal contents and on the uptake of D-galactose and cholesterol by rat small intestine in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition, 62(1): 91-101.
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Remesy, C., and Jimenez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5): 727-747.
Manning, R. D. Jr, Meng, S., and Tian, N. (2003). Renal and vascular oxidative stress and salt-sensitivity of arterial pressure. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 179(3): 243-325.
Martin, L. J., and Matar, C. (2005). Increase of antioxidant capacity of the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) during fermentation by a novel bacterium from the fruit microflora. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85(9): 1477-1484.
Martineau, L. C., Couture, A., Spoor, D., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Harris, C., Meddah, B., Leduc, C., Burt, A., Vuong, T., Le, P. M., Prentki, M., Bennett, S. A., Arnason, J. T., and Haddad, P.S. (2006). Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Phytomedicine, 13(9-10): 612-623.
Murase, T., Nagasawa, A., Suzuki, J., Hase, T., and Tokimitsu, I. (2002). Beneficial effects of tea catechins on diet-induced obesity: stimulation of lipid catabolism in the liver. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(11): 1459-1464.
Murase, T., Haramizu, S., Shimotoyodome, A., Nagasawa, A., and Tokimitsu, I. (2005). Green tea extract improves endurance capacity and increases muscle lipid oxidation in mice. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 288(3): R708-R715.
Nagao, K., Higa, K., Shirouchi, B., Nomura, S., Inoue, N., Inafuku, M., and Yanagita, T. (2008). Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaves on lipid metabolism in Otsuka Long - Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry, 72(6): 1619-1622.
Negishi, H., Xu, J-W., Ikeda, K., Njelekela, M., Nara, Y., and Yamori, Y. (2004). Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutrition, 134(1): 38-42.
Nemes-Nagy, E., Szocs-Molnar, T; Dunca, I., Balogh-Samarghitan, V., Hobai, S., Morar, R., Pusta, D. L., and Craciun, E. C. (2008). Effect of a dietary supplement containing blueberry and sea buckthorn concentrate on antioxidant capacity in type 1 diabetic children. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 95(4): 383-93.
Nesom, G. (2001). Highbush Blueberry [Online URL: www.plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_vaco.pdf] accessed on August 21, 2009.
Neto, C. C. (2007). Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective effects against cancer and vascular diseases. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51(6): 652-664.
Ohigashi, H. and Murakami, A. (2004). Cancer prevention with food factors: Alone and in combination. Bio Factors, 22(1-4): 49-55.
Parthasarathy, S., Steinberg, D., and Witztum, J. L. (1992). The role of oxidized low - density lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Annual Review of Medicine, 43: 219-225.
Prior, R. L., Cao, G., Martin, A., Sofic, E., McEwen, J., O’Brien, C., Lischner, N., Ehlenfeldt, M., Kalt, W., Krewer, G., and Mainland, C. M. (1998). Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46(7): 2686-2693.
Prior, R. L., Wu, X., Gu, L., Hager, T. J., Hager, A.,and Howard, L. R. (2008). Whole berries versus berry anthocyanins: interactions with dietary fat levels in the C57BL/6J mouse model of obesity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(3): 647-653.
Rimando, A. M., Kalt, W., Magee, J. B., Dewey, J.,and Ballington, J. R. (2004). Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in Vaccinium Berries. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15): 4713-4719.
Rimando, A. M. and Barney, L. (2005). Resveratroland naturally occurring analogues in Vaccinium species. Acta Horticulturae 680 (Proceedings of WOCMAP III: The Third World Congresson Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2003): 137-143.
Rimando, A. M., Nagmani, R., Feller, D. R., and Yokoyama, W. (2005). Pterostilbene, a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor alpha-isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(9): 3403-3407.
Sakaida, H., Nagao, K., Higa, K., Shirouchi, B., Inoue, N., Hidaka, F., Kai, T., and Yanagita, T. (2007). Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaves on angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vitro and on systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats in vivo. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71(9): 2335-2337.
Shaughnessy, K. S., Boswall, I. A., Scanlan, A. P., Gottschall-Pass, K. T., and Sweeney, M. I. (2009). Diets containing blueberry extract lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Nutrition Research, 29(2): 130-138.
Soory, M. (2009). Relevance of nutritional antioxidants in metabolic syndrome, ageing and cancer: potential for therapeutic targeting. Infectious Disorders: Drug Targets, 9(4): 400-414.
Sweeney, M. I., Kalt, W., MacKinnon, S. L., Ashby, J., and Gottschall-Pass, K. T. (2002). Feeding rats diets enriched in lowbush blueberries for six weeks decreases ischemia-induced brain damage. Nutritional Neuroscience, 5(6): 427-431.
Touyz, R. M. (2004). Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension. What is the clinical significance? Hypertension, 44(3): 248-252.
Villata, M. (2009). Blueberry trends and market challenges. [Online URL: www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/events/09blueberries/villata.pdf] accessed on August 21, 2009.
Vuong, T., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Brault, A., Harbilas, D., Martineau, L. C., Vallerand, D., Ramassamy, C., Matar, C., and Haddad, P. S. (2009). Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of biotransformed blueberry juice in KKAy mice. International Journal of Obesity, 33(10): 1166-1173.
Wang, S. Y. and Jiao, H. (2000). Scavenging capacity of berry crops on superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48(11): 5677-5684.
Wang, Y., Chang, C.-F., Chou, J., Chen, H.-L., Deng, X., Harvey, B. K., Cadet, J. L., and Bickford, P. C. (2005). Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Experimental Neurology, 193(1): 75-84.
Watson, E. M. (1928). Some observations on the effect of blueberry-leaf extract in diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 19(2): 166-71.
Wolfe, K. L., Kang, X., He, X., Dong, M., Zhang, Q., and Liu, R.-H. (2008). Cellular antioxidant activity of common fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(18): 8418-8426.
Wu, X., Beecher, G. R., Holden, J. M., Haytowitz, D. B., Gebhardt, S. E., and Prior, R. L. (2004). Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Antioxidant Capacities of Common Foods in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(12): 4026-4037.
Yarborough, D. E. (2009). Wild blueberry fact sheet [Online URL: www.wildblueberries.maine.edu/PDF/Production/220.pdf] accessed on August 21, 2009.
Yu, B. P. (1994). Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiological Reviews, 76(1): 139-162.
Agudo, A., Cabrera, L., Amiano, P., Ardanaz, E., Barricarte, A., Berenguer, T., Chirlaque, M. D., Dorronsoro, M., Jakszyn, P., Larranaga, N., Martinez, C., Navarro, C., Quiros, J. R., Sanchez, M. J., Tormo, M. J., and Gonzalez, C. A. (2007). Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(6): 1634-1642.
American Heart Association. (2009). Metabolic syndrome statistics [Online URL: www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1236355725579METABOLIC.pdf] accessed on August 17, 2009.
Ames, B. M., Shigena, M. K., and Hagen, T. M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings from the National Academic of Science of the United States of America, 90 (17): 7915-7922.
Anderson, J. W. and Siesel, A. E. (1990). Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat products. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 270: 17-36.
Avila da Silveira, N. G., Vargas, P. N., and Severo da Rosa, C. (2007). Blueberry (Highbush group) polyphenols content and chemical composition. Alimentos e Nutricao, 18(4): 365-370.
Bailey, C. J. and Day, C. (2004). Metformin: its botanical background. Practical Diabetes International, 21(3): 115-117.
Benavente-Garcia, O., Castillo, J., Alcaraz, M., Vicente, V., Del Rio, J. A., and Ortuno, A. Beneficial action of citrus flavonoids on multiple cancer-related biological pathways. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 7(8): 795-809.
Benetou, V., Orfanos, P., Lagiou, P., Trichopoulos, D., Boffetta, P., and Trichopoulou, A. (2008). Vegetables and fruits in relation to cancer risk: Evidence from the Greek EPIC Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 17(2): 387-392.
Cignarella, A., Nastasi, M., Cavalli, E., and Puglisi, L. (1996). Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of a rat dyslipidemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thrombosis Research, 84(5): 311-322.
Cos, P., Calomme, M., Pieters, L., Vlietinck, A. J., and Vanden Berghe, D. (2000). Structure-activity relationship of flavonoids as antioxidant and pro-oxidant compounds. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 22 (Bioactive Natural Products (Part C)): 307-341.
Czernichow, S., Vergnaud, A.-C., Galan, P., Arnaud, J., Favier, A., Faure, H., Huxley, R., Hercberg, H., and Ahluwalia, N. (2009). Effects of long-term antioxidant supplementation and association of serum antioxidant concentrations with risk of metabolic syndrome in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(2): 329-335.
Das, S. and Das, D. K. (2007). Resveratrol: a therapeutic promise for cardiovascular diseases. Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, 2(2): 133-138.
Daskalopoulou, S. S., Athyros, V. G., Kolovou, G. D., Anagnostopoulou, K. K., and Mikhailidis, D. P. (2006). Definitions of metabolic syndrome: where are we now? Current Vascular Pharmacology, 4(3): 185-197.
DeFuria, J., Bennett, G., Strissel, K. J., Perfield, J. W., II, Milbury, P. E., Greenberg, A. S., and Obin, M. S. (2009). Dietary blueberry attenuates whole-body insulin resistance in high fat-fed mice by reducing adipocyte death and its inflammatory sequelae. Journal of Nutrition, 139(8): 1510-1516.
Ellingsen, I., Hjerkinn, E. M., Seljeflot, I., Arnesen, H., and Tonstad, S. (2008). Consumption of fruit and berries is inversely associated with carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men. British Journal of Nutrition, 99(3): 674-681.
Flordellis, C. S., Ilias, I., and Papavassiliou, A. G. (2005). New therapeutic options for the metabolic syndrome: What’s next? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(6): 254-260.
Gao, F., Nelson, A. H., Lopez, B. L., Christopher, T. A., and Yue, T. L. (2001). Oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction in stroke-prone spontaneous hypertensive rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 298(3): 879-885.
Grace, M. H., Ribnicky, D. M., Kuhn, P., Poulev, A., Logendra, S., Yousef, G. G., Raskin, I., and Lila, M. A. (2009). Hypoglycemic activity of a novel anthocyanin-rich formulation from lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton. Phytomedicine, 16(5): 406-415.
Haffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Pyorala, K., and Laakso, M. (1998). Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(4): 229-234.
Hamauzu, Y., Nosaka, T., Ishizuka, Y., and Sugimoto, M. (2005). Effects of daily blueberry intake and spontaneous exercise on risk factors for arteriosclerosis in rats. Nippon Eiyo, Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 58(5): 259-266.
Huang, E. S., Basu, A., O’Grady, M., and Capretta, J. C. (2009). Projecting the future diabetes population size and related costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care, 32(12): 2225-2229.
Ikeda, I., Hamamoto, R., Uzu, K., Imaizumi, K., Nagao, K., Yanagita, T., Suzuki, Y., Kobayashi, M., and Kakuda, T. (2005). Dietary gallate esters of tea catechins reduce deposition of visceral fat, hepatic triacylglycerol, and activities of hepatic enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis in rats. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry, 69(5): 1049-1053.
International Diabetes Federation (2009). [Online URL: www.idf.org/diabetes-prevalence] accessed on August 25, 2009.
James, W. P. T., Astrup, A., and Finer, N. (2000). Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: A randomized trial. Lancet, 356: 2119-2125.
Jellin, J. M., Gregory, P. J., Batz, F., and Hitchens, K. (2005). Natural medicines comprehensive database. In Pharmacist’s Letter/Prescriber’s Letter, pp 2239. Therapeutic Research Faculty, Stockton, California.
Jeong, C.-H., Choi, S.-G., and Heo, H. J. (2008). Analysis of nutritional compositions and antioxidative activities of Korean commercial blueberry and raspberry. Han’guk Sikp’um Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi, 37(11): 1375-1381.
Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N. A., Bielinski, D., Martin, A., McEwen, J. J., and Bickford, P. C. (1999). Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(18): 8114-8121.
Joseph, J. A., Denisova, N. A., Arendash, G., Gordon, M., Diamond, D., Shukitt-Hale, B., and Morgan, D. (2003). Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer Disease Model. Nutrition and Neuroscience, 6(3): 153-162.
Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., and Casadesus, G. (2005). Reversing the deleterious effects of aging on neuronal communication and behavior: Beneficial properties of fruit polyphenolic compounds. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1 Suppl): 313S-316S.
Kahlon, T. S. and Smith, G. E. (2006). In vitro binding of bile acids by blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), plums (Prunus spp.), prunes (Prunus spp.), strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa), cherries (Malpighia punicifolia), cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and apples (Malus sylvestris). Food Chemistry, 100(3): 1182-1187.
Kalt, W., Foote, K., Fillmore, S. A. E., Lyon, Martha., Van Lunen, T. A., and McRae, K. B. (2008). Effect of blueberry feeding on plasma lipids in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 100(1): 70-78.
Khan, N., Afaq, F., and Mukhtar, H. (2008). Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: Progress and promise. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 10(3): 475-510.
Li, X. C., Joshi, A. S., ElSohly, H. N., Khan, S. I., Jacob, M. R., Zhang, Z., Khan, I. A., Ferreira, D., Walker, L. A., Broedel, S. E., Jr., Raulli, R. E., and Cihlar, R. L. (2002) Fatty acid synthase inhibitors from plants: isolation, structure elucidation, and SAR studies. Journal of Natural Products, 65(12): 1909-1914.
Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., DeSimone, G., Ferguson, B. T., Flegal, K., Ford, E., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase, N., Hailpern, S., Ho, M., Howard, V., Kissela, B., Kittner, S., Lackland, D., Lisabeth, L., Marelli, A., McDermott, M., Meigs, J., Mozaffarian, D., Nichol, G., O’Donnell, C., Roger, V., Rosamond, W., Sacco, R., Sorlie, P., Stafford, R.,Steinberger, J., Thom, T., Wasserthiel-Smoller, S., Wong, N., Wylie-Rosett, J., and Hong, Y. (2009). Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 119(3): 480-6.
Lund, E. K., Gee, J. M., Brown, J. C., Wood, P. J., and Johnson, I. T. (1989). Effect of oat gum on the physical properties of the gastrointestinal contents and on the uptake of D-galactose and cholesterol by rat small intestine in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition, 62(1): 91-101.
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Remesy, C., and Jimenez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5): 727-747.
Manning, R. D. Jr, Meng, S., and Tian, N. (2003). Renal and vascular oxidative stress and salt-sensitivity of arterial pressure. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 179(3): 243-325.
Martin, L. J., and Matar, C. (2005). Increase of antioxidant capacity of the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) during fermentation by a novel bacterium from the fruit microflora. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85(9): 1477-1484.
Martineau, L. C., Couture, A., Spoor, D., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Harris, C., Meddah, B., Leduc, C., Burt, A., Vuong, T., Le, P. M., Prentki, M., Bennett, S. A., Arnason, J. T., and Haddad, P.S. (2006). Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Phytomedicine, 13(9-10): 612-623.
Murase, T., Nagasawa, A., Suzuki, J., Hase, T., and Tokimitsu, I. (2002). Beneficial effects of tea catechins on diet-induced obesity: stimulation of lipid catabolism in the liver. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(11): 1459-1464.
Murase, T., Haramizu, S., Shimotoyodome, A., Nagasawa, A., and Tokimitsu, I. (2005). Green tea extract improves endurance capacity and increases muscle lipid oxidation in mice. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 288(3): R708-R715.
Nagao, K., Higa, K., Shirouchi, B., Nomura, S., Inoue, N., Inafuku, M., and Yanagita, T. (2008). Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaves on lipid metabolism in Otsuka Long - Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry, 72(6): 1619-1622.
Negishi, H., Xu, J-W., Ikeda, K., Njelekela, M., Nara, Y., and Yamori, Y. (2004). Black and green tea polyphenols attenuate blood pressure increases in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Nutrition, 134(1): 38-42.
Nemes-Nagy, E., Szocs-Molnar, T; Dunca, I., Balogh-Samarghitan, V., Hobai, S., Morar, R., Pusta, D. L., and Craciun, E. C. (2008). Effect of a dietary supplement containing blueberry and sea buckthorn concentrate on antioxidant capacity in type 1 diabetic children. Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 95(4): 383-93.
Nesom, G. (2001). Highbush Blueberry [Online URL: www.plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_vaco.pdf] accessed on August 21, 2009.
Neto, C. C. (2007). Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective effects against cancer and vascular diseases. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 51(6): 652-664.
Ohigashi, H. and Murakami, A. (2004). Cancer prevention with food factors: Alone and in combination. Bio Factors, 22(1-4): 49-55.
Parthasarathy, S., Steinberg, D., and Witztum, J. L. (1992). The role of oxidized low - density lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Annual Review of Medicine, 43: 219-225.
Prior, R. L., Cao, G., Martin, A., Sofic, E., McEwen, J., O’Brien, C., Lischner, N., Ehlenfeldt, M., Kalt, W., Krewer, G., and Mainland, C. M. (1998). Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46(7): 2686-2693.
Prior, R. L., Wu, X., Gu, L., Hager, T. J., Hager, A.,and Howard, L. R. (2008). Whole berries versus berry anthocyanins: interactions with dietary fat levels in the C57BL/6J mouse model of obesity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(3): 647-653.
Rimando, A. M., Kalt, W., Magee, J. B., Dewey, J.,and Ballington, J. R. (2004). Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in Vaccinium Berries. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15): 4713-4719.
Rimando, A. M. and Barney, L. (2005). Resveratroland naturally occurring analogues in Vaccinium species. Acta Horticulturae 680 (Proceedings of WOCMAP III: The Third World Congresson Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2003): 137-143.
Rimando, A. M., Nagmani, R., Feller, D. R., and Yokoyama, W. (2005). Pterostilbene, a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor alpha-isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(9): 3403-3407.
Sakaida, H., Nagao, K., Higa, K., Shirouchi, B., Inoue, N., Hidaka, F., Kai, T., and Yanagita, T. (2007). Effect of Vaccinium ashei reade leaves on angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vitro and on systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats in vivo. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71(9): 2335-2337.
Shaughnessy, K. S., Boswall, I. A., Scanlan, A. P., Gottschall-Pass, K. T., and Sweeney, M. I. (2009). Diets containing blueberry extract lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Nutrition Research, 29(2): 130-138.
Soory, M. (2009). Relevance of nutritional antioxidants in metabolic syndrome, ageing and cancer: potential for therapeutic targeting. Infectious Disorders: Drug Targets, 9(4): 400-414.
Sweeney, M. I., Kalt, W., MacKinnon, S. L., Ashby, J., and Gottschall-Pass, K. T. (2002). Feeding rats diets enriched in lowbush blueberries for six weeks decreases ischemia-induced brain damage. Nutritional Neuroscience, 5(6): 427-431.
Touyz, R. M. (2004). Reactive oxygen species, vascular oxidative stress, and redox signaling in hypertension. What is the clinical significance? Hypertension, 44(3): 248-252.
Villata, M. (2009). Blueberry trends and market challenges. [Online URL: www.sfc.ucdavis.edu/events/09blueberries/villata.pdf] accessed on August 21, 2009.
Vuong, T., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Brault, A., Harbilas, D., Martineau, L. C., Vallerand, D., Ramassamy, C., Matar, C., and Haddad, P. S. (2009). Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of biotransformed blueberry juice in KKAy mice. International Journal of Obesity, 33(10): 1166-1173.
Wang, S. Y. and Jiao, H. (2000). Scavenging capacity of berry crops on superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48(11): 5677-5684.
Wang, Y., Chang, C.-F., Chou, J., Chen, H.-L., Deng, X., Harvey, B. K., Cadet, J. L., and Bickford, P. C. (2005). Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Experimental Neurology, 193(1): 75-84.
Watson, E. M. (1928). Some observations on the effect of blueberry-leaf extract in diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 19(2): 166-71.
Wolfe, K. L., Kang, X., He, X., Dong, M., Zhang, Q., and Liu, R.-H. (2008). Cellular antioxidant activity of common fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(18): 8418-8426.
Wu, X., Beecher, G. R., Holden, J. M., Haytowitz, D. B., Gebhardt, S. E., and Prior, R. L. (2004). Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Antioxidant Capacities of Common Foods in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(12): 4026-4037.
Yarborough, D. E. (2009). Wild blueberry fact sheet [Online URL: www.wildblueberries.maine.edu/PDF/Production/220.pdf] accessed on August 21, 2009.
Yu, B. P. (1994). Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species. Physiological Reviews, 76(1): 139-162.