Characterization of Rainfall in the Upper Mae Sa Watershed, Mae Rim District, Chiang Mai Province
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rainfall characteristics are essential for a watershed and its water resource management. Results can vary depending on the method and the number of stations used for analyzing the areal rainfall. The objective of this study was to compare the rainfall characteristics including number of storm and days, duration, intensity, and the amount as indicated by different methods. The methods used to calculate the various characteristics were Thiessen polygon (TP) based on observed data from 11 stations and arithmetic mean (AM) based on observed data from 11, 5, 3 and 1 station(s). Data were measured from 2005 to 2012 using automatic recording rain gauges. Using TP, the results indicated that the variation in the daily number of storms calculated using one station was different stations. Monthly, mean monthly, and annual variations in the daily number of storms were not different. The rainfall intensity and duration estimated using different methods and the number of stations were not similar. The daily, monthly, and mean monthly number of rainy days were not different while the annual variation calculated using AM on data measured from three stations and a downstream station were not the same. The daily rainfall amount calculated using one station was different from that estimated using TP, while the monthly, mean monthly, and annual changes were not different. We conclude that to characterize the rainfall in a given area, the appropriate number of rainfall stations should not be less than three, which should be located at different elevations at the upper, middle, and downstream area of a watershed.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วม (ถ้ามี) ขอรับรองว่า ต้นฉบับที่เสนอมานี้ยังไม่เคยได้รับการตีพิมพ์และไม่ได้อยู่ในระหว่างกระบวนการพิจารณาตีพิมพ์ลงในวารสารหรือสิ่งตีพิมพ์อื่นใด ข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วม (ถ้ามี) ยอมรับหลักเกณฑ์และเงื่อนไขการพิจารณาต้นฉบับ ทั้งยินยอมให้กองบรรณาธิการมีสิทธิ์พิจารณาและตรวจแก้ต้นฉบับได้ตามที่เห็นสมควร พร้อมนี้ขอมอบลิขสิทธิ์ผลงานที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ให้แก่วารสารวนศาสตร์ คณะวนศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ กรณีมีการฟ้องร้องเรื่องการละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์เกี่ยวกับภาพ กราฟ ข้อความส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่ง หรือ ข้อคิดเห็นที่ปรากฏในผลงาน ให้เป็นความรับผิดชอบของข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วม (ถ้ามี) แต่เพียงฝ่ายเดียว และหากข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วม (ถ้ามี) ประสงค์ถอนบทความในระหว่างกระบวนการพิจารณาของทางวารสาร ข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วม (ถ้ามี) ยินดีรับผิดชอบค่าใช้จ่ายทั้งหมดที่เกิดขึ้นในกระบวนการพิจารณาบทความนั้น”
References
Amatayakul, P., Chomtha, T. 2013. Agricultural Meteorology to Know for Chiang Mai. Meteorological Department, Bangkok, Thailand. (in Thai)
Asawa, G.L. 2005. Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. New Delhi, India.
Bosch, D.D., Sheridan, J.M., Davis., F.M. 1999. Rainfall characteristics and spatial correlation for the Georgia Coastal Plain. Transactions of the ASAE. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 42(6): 1637-1644.
Boonterm, K. 2002. GIS Application in Determining Mountainous Rainfall Characteristics at Mae Chaem Watershed, Changwat Chiang Mai. M.S. Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok, Thailand. (in Thai)
Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R., Mays, L.W. 1988. Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York, USA.
Dezfuli, A.K., Icoku, C.M., Mohr, K.I., Huffman, G.J. 2017. Precipitation characteristics in west and east Africa from satellite and in situ observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 18(6): 1799-1805. doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0068.1.
Didier, N., Ogwang, B.A., Ongoma, V. 2016. The Impacts of topography on spatial and temporal rainfall distribution over Rwanda Based on WRF Model. Journal of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 6(2): 145-157. doi: 10.4236/acs.2016.62013.
Glomvinya, S., Tantasirin, C., Tongdeenok, P., Tanaka, N. 2016. Change in rainfall characteristics at Huai Kog-Ma watershed, Chiang Mai province. Thai Journal of Forestry, 35(2): 66-77. (in Thai)
Glomvinya, S. 2016. Rainfall Characteristics at Huai Kong-Ma Watershed, Chiang Mai Province. M.S. Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok, Thailand. (in Thai)
Intama, A. 2009. Preliminary Test Run of KINEROS 2 Model for Estimating Sediment Yield at Mae Sa Subwatershed, Chiang Mai Province. M.S. Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok, Thailand. (in Thai)
Karl, P. 1900. On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine. Series 5, 50(302): 157–175.
Kendall, M. G. 1975. Rank Correlation Methods, 4thed. Charles Griffin, London, U.K.
Land Development Department. 2000. Mae Sa Watershed Land Use Plan. Bangkok, Thailand. (in Thai)
Laksana, P.J. 2015. Rainfall characteristic on the slopes of mount Merapi region. Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, 1(3): 43-50.
Lee, J., Kim, S., Jun, H. 2018. A study of the influence of the spatial distribution of rain gauge networks on areal average rainfall calculation. Water, 10(11): 1635. doi:10.3390/w10111635
Mann, H.B., Whitney, D.R. 1947. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18(1): 50–60. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177730491.
Nash, J.E., Sutcliffe J.V. 1970. River flow forecasting through conceptual model part I – A discussion of principles. Journal of Hydrology, 10(3): 282–290.
Nazaripour, H., Daneshvar, M.R.M. 2017. Rain gauge network evaluation and optimal design using spatial correlation approach in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129(3-4): 1255-1261. doi:10.1007/s00704-016-1853-3
Perreault, S., Alem, A.E., Chokmani, K., Cambouris, A.N. 2022. Development of Pedotransfer functions to predict soil physical properties in Southern Quebec (Canada). Agronomy, 12(2): 526. doi:10.3390/agronomy12020526.
Thepnumsommanus, S. 2004. Effect of Topography and Rainfall Characteristics on Rainfall Erosivity Index of Mountainous Area at Mae Chaem Watershed, Chiang Mai Province. M.S. Thesis, Kasetsart University. Bangkok, Thailand. (in Thai)
Uchechukwu, N.B., Njideka, O. 2022. Nigerian rain gauge station optimization and national development: the importance of head count. Materials Science and Engineering, 413(1): 012022. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012022.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 1976. Guide to Hydrological Practices, Volume-I: “Hydrology - From Measurement to Hydrological Information”, WMO No. 168. Geneva, Switzerland.
Wood, S.H., Ziegler, A.D., 2008. Floodplain sediment from recent 50-year-recurrence floods of the Ping River in Northern Thailand. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 12, 959-973
Ziegler, A.D., Xi, L.X., Tantasirin, C. 2011. Sediment monitoring in the Mae Sa catchment in Northern Thailand. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 349: 86-91.