พยาธิปอดหนูและโฮสต์ตัวกลางในธรรมชาติ
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jan 19, 2018
Keywords:
Angiostrongylus cantonensis clinical significance epidemiology natural host
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, a rat lungworm, is a nematode parasite causing human meningoencephalitis with global distribution. More than 2,827 cases of rat lungworm infected human have been reported worldwide. During the past few years, outbreaks of the rat lungworm have been reported in China and the USA. Human infection is acquired by ingestion of raw or undercooked snails or slugs and occasionally infected by ingestion of paratenic hosts and vegetables contaminated with infective larvae. More than 2,827 cases of human infected rat lungworm have been reported worldwide. During the past few years, several outbreaks of the rat lungworm have been reported in China and the USA. This review paper with data collection describes morphology, life cycle, clinical feature, epidemiology, treatment and genetics of the rat lungworm including important information of its intermediate host. This information is an advantage for prevention and control the prevalence of the rat lungworm.
Keywords: Angiostrongylus cantonensis; clinical significance; epidemiology; natural host
Article Details
Section
Medical Sciences
References
[1] Wang, Q.P., Lai, D.H., Zhu, X.Q., Chen, X.G. and Lun, Z.R., 2008, Human angiostrongyliasisม Lancet. Infect. Dis. 8: 621-630.
[2] Chen, H.T., 1935, Un nouveau nematode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis n.g., n. sp. Des rats de Canton, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 13: 312-317.
[3] Gerald, S.M. and Stuart, J., 2013, Clinical aspects of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 35-40.
[4] Espírito-Santo, M.C., Pinto, P.L., Mota, D.J. and Gryschek, R.C., 2013, The first case of Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis diagnosed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo. 55: 129-132.
[5] Júnior, A.M., Simões, R.O., Oliveira, A. P.M., Motta, E.M., Fernandez, M.A., Pereira, Z.M., Monteiro, S.S., Torres, E.J.L. and Thiengo, S.C., 2010, First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Achatina fulica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Southeast and South Brazil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 105: 717-734.
[6] Teem, J.L., Qvarnstrom, T., Bishop, H.S., Silva, A.J.D., Carter, J., Mclean, J.W. and Smith, T., 2013, The occurrence of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus canto-nensis, in nonindigenous snails in the Gulf of Mexico region of the United States, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health. 72: 11-14.
[7] Thiengo, S.C., Maldonado, A., Mota, E.M., Torres, E.J., Caldeira, R., Carvalho, O.S., Oliveira, A.P., Simões, R.O., Fernandez, M.A. and Lanfredi, R.M., 2010, The giant African snail Achatina fulica as natural intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Pernam-buco, Northeast Brazil, Acta. Trop. 115: 194-199.
[8] LV, S., Steinman, P., Yang, G.J., Yang, K., Zhou, X.N. and Utzinger, J., 2011, The emergence of angiostrongyliasis in the People's Republic of China: the interplay between invasive snails, climate change and transmission dynamics, Freshwater Biol. 56: 717-734.
[9] Yang, T.B., Wu, Z.D. and Lun, Z.R., 2013, The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, a novel vector of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis: its introduct, spread, and control in China,
Hawaii. J. Med. Public. Health. 72: 23-25.
[10] Tokiwa, T., Hashimoto, T., Yabe, T., Komatsu, N. and Ohta, N., 2013, First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) Infec-tions in invasive rodents from five islands of the Ogasawara Archipelago, PLoS ONE 8: 1-5.
[11] Graeff-Teixeira, C., 2007, Expansion of Achatina fulica in Brazil and potential increased risk for angiostrongyliasis, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 114: 123-7.
[12] ประยงค์ ระดมยศ, 2539, ตำราปรสิตวิทยาทางการแพทย์, เมดิคัล มีเดีย, กรุงเทพฯ, 163-172 น.
[13] Eamsobhana, P., 2013, Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand: Epidemiology and laboratory Investigations, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 28-32.
[14] Eamsobhana, P., 2014, The Rat Lung-worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 2nd Ed., Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok.
[15] Robert, H.C., 2013, Biology, systematics, life cycle, and distribution of Angiostron-gylus cantonensis, the cause of rat lungworm disease, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 6-9.
[16] Trevor, J.S., Margeret, M.C., Susan, I.G., Roderick, C.J., Timothy, H.H., Adriana, S.L., Carlos, H.Z., Robert, L.S., Yuwaporn, S., Wanpen, C., Barbara, L.H. and Stuart, J., 2002, An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean, N. Engl. J. Med. 364: 668-675.
[17] Ramirez-Avila, L., Sally, S., Frederick, L.S., Shilpa, G., Peter, M.S., James, S. and Carol, A.G., 2009, Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathos-toma species, Clin. Infect. Dis. 48: 322-327.
[18] Vitta, A., 2012, Diagnosis of human angio-strongyliasis, Asian Biomed. 6: 141-150.
[19] Kliks, M.M. and Palumbo, N.E., 1992, Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific basin: the global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angio-strongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats, Soc. Sci. Med. 34: 199-212.
[19] Chotmongkol, V. and Sawanyawisuth, K., 2002, Clinical manifestations and outcome of patients with severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitis presu-meably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 33: 231-234.
[20] Yii, C.Y., 1976, Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningo-encephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25: 233-249.
[21] Bronstein, J.A., Thevenot, J. and Tourneux, M., 1978, Eosinophilic meningitis in Tahiti: Clinical study of 54 patients, N. Z. Med J. 88: 491-493.
[22] Kuberski, T. and Wallace, G.D., 1979, Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Neurology 29: 1566-1570.
[23] Jin, E., Ma, D., Liang, Y., Ji, A. and Gan, S., 2005, MRI findings of eosinophilic myelomeningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Clin Radiol. 60: 242-250.
[24] Chye, S.M., Lin, S.R, Chen, Y.L., Chung, L.Y. and Yen, C.M., 2004, Immuno-PCR for detection of antigen to Angiostrongylus cantonensis circulating fifth-stage worms, Clin Chem. 50: 51-57.
[25] Harinasuta, C., Setasuban, P. and Radomyos, P., 1965, Observations on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and mollusks in Thailand, J. Med. Assoc. Thai 48: 158-172.
[26] Setasuban, P., Vairasthira, S. and Harinasuta, C., 1968, The preliminary observation on natural infection of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in rodents and intermediate host in Thailand, J. Med. Assoc. Thai 51: 156-157.
[27] Vitta, A., Polseela, R., Nateeworanart, S. and Tattiyapong, M., 2011, Survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and giant African land snails in Phitsanulok province, Thailand, Asian Pacific J. Trop. Med. 4: 597-599.
[28] Qvarnstrom, Y., Bishop, H.S. and da Silva, A.J., 2013, Detection of rat lungworm in intermediate, definitive, and paratenic hosts obtained from environmental sources, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 63-69.
[29] Chotmongkol, V., Sawadpanitch, K., Sawanyawisuth, K., Louhawilai, S. and Limpawattana, P., 2006, Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with a combination of prednisolone and mebendazole, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 1122-1124.
[30] Chotmongkol, V., Kittimongkolma, S., Niwattayakul, K., Intapan, P.M. and Thavornpitaka, Y., 2009, Comparison of prednisolone plus albendazole with prednisolone alone for treatment of patients with eosinophilic meningitis, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81: 443-445.
[31] Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P.E., Solano, G., Zhang, H., Gan, X. and Yong, H.S., 2010, Molecular differentiation of Angiostron-gylus taxa (Nematoda: Angiostron-gylidae) by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, Acta. Trop. 116: 152-156.
[32] Tokiwa, T., Harunari, T., Tanikawa, T., Noriyuki, K., Nobuo, K., Kwong-Chung, T., Jun, S., Teruk, K., Nobuhiro, T., Takashi, K. and Nobuaki, A., 2012, Phylogenetic relationships of rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, isolated from different geographical regions revealed widespread multiple lineages, Parasitol. Int. 61: 431-436.
[33] Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P.E., Zhang, H., Gan, X. and Yong, H.S., 2010, Molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of three Angiostrongylus species and A. cantonensis geographical isolates based on a 66-kDa protein gene of A. cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostron-gylidae), Exp. Parasitol. 126: 564-569.
[34] Liu, C.Y., Zhang, R.L., Chen. M.X., Li, J., Ai, L., Wu, C.Y., Zhu, X.Q. and Lin, R.Q., 2011, Characterisation of Angiostrongylus cantonensis isolates from China by sequences of internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA, J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10: 593-596.
[35] Cross, J.H. and Chen, E.R., 2007, Angiostrongyliasis, pp. 263-290, In Murrell, K.D. and Fried, B., Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses, Springer, New York.
[36] Rodpai, R., Intapan, P.M., Thanchom-nang, T., Sanpool, O., Sadaow, L., Laymanivong, S., Aung, W.P., Phosuk, I., Laummaunwai, P. and Maleewong, W., 2016, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. malaysiensis broadly overlap in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar: A molecular survey of larvae in land snails, PLoS ONE 11: 1-12.
[37] Vitta, A., Polsut, W., Fukruksa, C., Thanwisai, A. and Dekumyoy, P., 2016, Levels of infection with the lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis in terrestrial snails from Thailand, with Cryptozona siamensis as a new intermediate host, J. Heiminthol. 90: 737-741.
[38] Wade, C.M., Mordan, P.B. and Clarke, B., 2001, A phylogeny of the land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), Proc. Biol. Sci. 268: 413-422.
[39] จิรศักดิ์ สุจริต และสมศักดิ์ ปัญหา, 2551, หอยบกในอุทยานแห่งชาติเขานัน, โครงการพัฒนาองค์ความรู้และศึกษานโยบายการจัดการทรัพยากรชีวภาพในประเทศไทย, กรุงเทพฯ, 62-81 น.
[40] Fontanilla, I.K.C., Sta. Maria, I.M.P., Garcia, J.R.M., Ghate, H., Naggs, F. and Wade, C.M., 2014, Restricted genetic variation in populations of Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica outside of East Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands points to the Indian Ocean Islands as the earliest known commons. PLoS ONE 9: 1-8.
[41] สมเกียรติ กล้าแข็ง, ดาราพร รินทะรักษ์, ปราสาททอง พรหมเกิด และ ปิยาณี หนูกาฬ, 2555, ศึกษาชีววิทยาหอยดักดาน Cryptozona siamensis (Pfeiffer), น. 2233-2237, รายงานผลงานวิจัยประจำปี 2555, สำนักงานวิจัยพัฒนาอารักขาพืช กรมวิชาการเกษตร, กรุงเทพฯ.
[42] Abu-Bakar, S.B., Razali, N.M., Naggs, F., Wade, C., Mohd-Nor, S.A. and Aileen-Tan, S.H., 2014, The mitochondrial 16S rRNA reveals high anthropogenic influence on land snail diversity in a preliminary island survey, Mol. Biol. Rep. 41: 1799-1805.
[43] Jørgensen, A., Kristensen, T.K. and Madsen, H., 2008, A molecular phylogeny of apple snails (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) with an emphasis on African species, Zoologica Scripta. 37: 245-252.
[44] อรภา นาคจินดา, 2552, การใช้ประโยชน์ของหอยน้ำจืดในประเทศไทย, น. 37-38, รายงานการประชุมระดมความคิดเห็นต่อร่างรายการชนิดพันธุ์สัตว์ไม่มีกระดูกสันหลังกลุ่มย่อย (mollusca), สำนักงานนโยบายและแผนทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม กระทรวงทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม, กรุงเทพฯ.
[45] พีรพล รัตนไทย, 2553, การติดเชื้อตัวอ่อนพยาธิใบไม้ตับระยะเซอร์คาเรียของหอยน้ำจืดวงศ์ Thaiaridae ในภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย, วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาโท, มหาวิยาลัยศิลปากร, นครปฐม.
[46] Pariyanonda S. and Tesna S., 1990, Edible mollusc, the intermediate host of helminths in Khon Kaen Province, Thailandม Srinagarind Med. J. 5: 159-172.
[47] Thaewnon-ngiw, B., Klinbunga, S., Phanwichien, K., Sangduen, N., Lauhachinda, N. and Menaveta, P., 2004, Genetic diversity and molecular markers in introduced and Thai native apple snails (Pomacea and Pila), J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37: 493-502.
[48] Brito, F.C.D. and Joshi, R.C., 2016, The golden apple snail Pomacea canalicu-lata: A review on invasion, dispersion and control, Res. Gate 27: 157-163.
[49] Yang, Q., Liu, S., Song, F., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, G. and Yu, X., 2016, The mitochondrial genome of Pomacea maculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp. Seq. Anal. 27: 2895-2896.
[2] Chen, H.T., 1935, Un nouveau nematode pulmonaire, Pulmonema cantonensis n.g., n. sp. Des rats de Canton, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 13: 312-317.
[3] Gerald, S.M. and Stuart, J., 2013, Clinical aspects of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 35-40.
[4] Espírito-Santo, M.C., Pinto, P.L., Mota, D.J. and Gryschek, R.C., 2013, The first case of Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis diagnosed in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo. 55: 129-132.
[5] Júnior, A.M., Simões, R.O., Oliveira, A. P.M., Motta, E.M., Fernandez, M.A., Pereira, Z.M., Monteiro, S.S., Torres, E.J.L. and Thiengo, S.C., 2010, First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Achatina fulica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Southeast and South Brazil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 105: 717-734.
[6] Teem, J.L., Qvarnstrom, T., Bishop, H.S., Silva, A.J.D., Carter, J., Mclean, J.W. and Smith, T., 2013, The occurrence of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus canto-nensis, in nonindigenous snails in the Gulf of Mexico region of the United States, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health. 72: 11-14.
[7] Thiengo, S.C., Maldonado, A., Mota, E.M., Torres, E.J., Caldeira, R., Carvalho, O.S., Oliveira, A.P., Simões, R.O., Fernandez, M.A. and Lanfredi, R.M., 2010, The giant African snail Achatina fulica as natural intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Pernam-buco, Northeast Brazil, Acta. Trop. 115: 194-199.
[8] LV, S., Steinman, P., Yang, G.J., Yang, K., Zhou, X.N. and Utzinger, J., 2011, The emergence of angiostrongyliasis in the People's Republic of China: the interplay between invasive snails, climate change and transmission dynamics, Freshwater Biol. 56: 717-734.
[9] Yang, T.B., Wu, Z.D. and Lun, Z.R., 2013, The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, a novel vector of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis: its introduct, spread, and control in China,
Hawaii. J. Med. Public. Health. 72: 23-25.
[10] Tokiwa, T., Hashimoto, T., Yabe, T., Komatsu, N. and Ohta, N., 2013, First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) Infec-tions in invasive rodents from five islands of the Ogasawara Archipelago, PLoS ONE 8: 1-5.
[11] Graeff-Teixeira, C., 2007, Expansion of Achatina fulica in Brazil and potential increased risk for angiostrongyliasis, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 114: 123-7.
[12] ประยงค์ ระดมยศ, 2539, ตำราปรสิตวิทยาทางการแพทย์, เมดิคัล มีเดีย, กรุงเทพฯ, 163-172 น.
[13] Eamsobhana, P., 2013, Angiostrongyliasis in Thailand: Epidemiology and laboratory Investigations, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 28-32.
[14] Eamsobhana, P., 2014, The Rat Lung-worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 2nd Ed., Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok.
[15] Robert, H.C., 2013, Biology, systematics, life cycle, and distribution of Angiostron-gylus cantonensis, the cause of rat lungworm disease, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 6-9.
[16] Trevor, J.S., Margeret, M.C., Susan, I.G., Roderick, C.J., Timothy, H.H., Adriana, S.L., Carlos, H.Z., Robert, L.S., Yuwaporn, S., Wanpen, C., Barbara, L.H. and Stuart, J., 2002, An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean, N. Engl. J. Med. 364: 668-675.
[17] Ramirez-Avila, L., Sally, S., Frederick, L.S., Shilpa, G., Peter, M.S., James, S. and Carol, A.G., 2009, Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathos-toma species, Clin. Infect. Dis. 48: 322-327.
[18] Vitta, A., 2012, Diagnosis of human angio-strongyliasis, Asian Biomed. 6: 141-150.
[19] Kliks, M.M. and Palumbo, N.E., 1992, Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific basin: the global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angio-strongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats, Soc. Sci. Med. 34: 199-212.
[19] Chotmongkol, V. and Sawanyawisuth, K., 2002, Clinical manifestations and outcome of patients with severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitis presu-meably caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 33: 231-234.
[20] Yii, C.Y., 1976, Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningo-encephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis on Taiwan, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25: 233-249.
[21] Bronstein, J.A., Thevenot, J. and Tourneux, M., 1978, Eosinophilic meningitis in Tahiti: Clinical study of 54 patients, N. Z. Med J. 88: 491-493.
[22] Kuberski, T. and Wallace, G.D., 1979, Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Neurology 29: 1566-1570.
[23] Jin, E., Ma, D., Liang, Y., Ji, A. and Gan, S., 2005, MRI findings of eosinophilic myelomeningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Clin Radiol. 60: 242-250.
[24] Chye, S.M., Lin, S.R, Chen, Y.L., Chung, L.Y. and Yen, C.M., 2004, Immuno-PCR for detection of antigen to Angiostrongylus cantonensis circulating fifth-stage worms, Clin Chem. 50: 51-57.
[25] Harinasuta, C., Setasuban, P. and Radomyos, P., 1965, Observations on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and mollusks in Thailand, J. Med. Assoc. Thai 48: 158-172.
[26] Setasuban, P., Vairasthira, S. and Harinasuta, C., 1968, The preliminary observation on natural infection of rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) in rodents and intermediate host in Thailand, J. Med. Assoc. Thai 51: 156-157.
[27] Vitta, A., Polseela, R., Nateeworanart, S. and Tattiyapong, M., 2011, Survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and giant African land snails in Phitsanulok province, Thailand, Asian Pacific J. Trop. Med. 4: 597-599.
[28] Qvarnstrom, Y., Bishop, H.S. and da Silva, A.J., 2013, Detection of rat lungworm in intermediate, definitive, and paratenic hosts obtained from environmental sources, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health 72: 63-69.
[29] Chotmongkol, V., Sawadpanitch, K., Sawanyawisuth, K., Louhawilai, S. and Limpawattana, P., 2006, Treatment of eosinophilic meningitis with a combination of prednisolone and mebendazole, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74: 1122-1124.
[30] Chotmongkol, V., Kittimongkolma, S., Niwattayakul, K., Intapan, P.M. and Thavornpitaka, Y., 2009, Comparison of prednisolone plus albendazole with prednisolone alone for treatment of patients with eosinophilic meningitis, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81: 443-445.
[31] Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P.E., Solano, G., Zhang, H., Gan, X. and Yong, H.S., 2010, Molecular differentiation of Angiostron-gylus taxa (Nematoda: Angiostron-gylidae) by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, Acta. Trop. 116: 152-156.
[32] Tokiwa, T., Harunari, T., Tanikawa, T., Noriyuki, K., Nobuo, K., Kwong-Chung, T., Jun, S., Teruk, K., Nobuhiro, T., Takashi, K. and Nobuaki, A., 2012, Phylogenetic relationships of rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, isolated from different geographical regions revealed widespread multiple lineages, Parasitol. Int. 61: 431-436.
[33] Eamsobhana, P., Lim, P.E., Zhang, H., Gan, X. and Yong, H.S., 2010, Molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of three Angiostrongylus species and A. cantonensis geographical isolates based on a 66-kDa protein gene of A. cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostron-gylidae), Exp. Parasitol. 126: 564-569.
[34] Liu, C.Y., Zhang, R.L., Chen. M.X., Li, J., Ai, L., Wu, C.Y., Zhu, X.Q. and Lin, R.Q., 2011, Characterisation of Angiostrongylus cantonensis isolates from China by sequences of internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA, J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 10: 593-596.
[35] Cross, J.H. and Chen, E.R., 2007, Angiostrongyliasis, pp. 263-290, In Murrell, K.D. and Fried, B., Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses, Springer, New York.
[36] Rodpai, R., Intapan, P.M., Thanchom-nang, T., Sanpool, O., Sadaow, L., Laymanivong, S., Aung, W.P., Phosuk, I., Laummaunwai, P. and Maleewong, W., 2016, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. malaysiensis broadly overlap in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar: A molecular survey of larvae in land snails, PLoS ONE 11: 1-12.
[37] Vitta, A., Polsut, W., Fukruksa, C., Thanwisai, A. and Dekumyoy, P., 2016, Levels of infection with the lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis in terrestrial snails from Thailand, with Cryptozona siamensis as a new intermediate host, J. Heiminthol. 90: 737-741.
[38] Wade, C.M., Mordan, P.B. and Clarke, B., 2001, A phylogeny of the land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), Proc. Biol. Sci. 268: 413-422.
[39] จิรศักดิ์ สุจริต และสมศักดิ์ ปัญหา, 2551, หอยบกในอุทยานแห่งชาติเขานัน, โครงการพัฒนาองค์ความรู้และศึกษานโยบายการจัดการทรัพยากรชีวภาพในประเทศไทย, กรุงเทพฯ, 62-81 น.
[40] Fontanilla, I.K.C., Sta. Maria, I.M.P., Garcia, J.R.M., Ghate, H., Naggs, F. and Wade, C.M., 2014, Restricted genetic variation in populations of Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica outside of East Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands points to the Indian Ocean Islands as the earliest known commons. PLoS ONE 9: 1-8.
[41] สมเกียรติ กล้าแข็ง, ดาราพร รินทะรักษ์, ปราสาททอง พรหมเกิด และ ปิยาณี หนูกาฬ, 2555, ศึกษาชีววิทยาหอยดักดาน Cryptozona siamensis (Pfeiffer), น. 2233-2237, รายงานผลงานวิจัยประจำปี 2555, สำนักงานวิจัยพัฒนาอารักขาพืช กรมวิชาการเกษตร, กรุงเทพฯ.
[42] Abu-Bakar, S.B., Razali, N.M., Naggs, F., Wade, C., Mohd-Nor, S.A. and Aileen-Tan, S.H., 2014, The mitochondrial 16S rRNA reveals high anthropogenic influence on land snail diversity in a preliminary island survey, Mol. Biol. Rep. 41: 1799-1805.
[43] Jørgensen, A., Kristensen, T.K. and Madsen, H., 2008, A molecular phylogeny of apple snails (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) with an emphasis on African species, Zoologica Scripta. 37: 245-252.
[44] อรภา นาคจินดา, 2552, การใช้ประโยชน์ของหอยน้ำจืดในประเทศไทย, น. 37-38, รายงานการประชุมระดมความคิดเห็นต่อร่างรายการชนิดพันธุ์สัตว์ไม่มีกระดูกสันหลังกลุ่มย่อย (mollusca), สำนักงานนโยบายและแผนทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม กระทรวงทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม, กรุงเทพฯ.
[45] พีรพล รัตนไทย, 2553, การติดเชื้อตัวอ่อนพยาธิใบไม้ตับระยะเซอร์คาเรียของหอยน้ำจืดวงศ์ Thaiaridae ในภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย, วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาโท, มหาวิยาลัยศิลปากร, นครปฐม.
[46] Pariyanonda S. and Tesna S., 1990, Edible mollusc, the intermediate host of helminths in Khon Kaen Province, Thailandม Srinagarind Med. J. 5: 159-172.
[47] Thaewnon-ngiw, B., Klinbunga, S., Phanwichien, K., Sangduen, N., Lauhachinda, N. and Menaveta, P., 2004, Genetic diversity and molecular markers in introduced and Thai native apple snails (Pomacea and Pila), J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37: 493-502.
[48] Brito, F.C.D. and Joshi, R.C., 2016, The golden apple snail Pomacea canalicu-lata: A review on invasion, dispersion and control, Res. Gate 27: 157-163.
[49] Yang, Q., Liu, S., Song, F., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, G. and Yu, X., 2016, The mitochondrial genome of Pomacea maculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp. Seq. Anal. 27: 2895-2896.