การใช้สารสกัดจากหญ้าหวานในผลิตภัณฑ์พุดดิ้งนมสดมะพร้าวอ่อน
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to study the optimum percentage of stevia extract for using as a sucrose replacer in coconut milk pudding product, and to study the shelf life of the final product. Six levels (0.00, 2.00, 4.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 % w/w) of the stevia extract were used to substitute the sugar content. The optimum replacement was 4.0 % w/w of sugar content. Coconut milk pudding consisted of water, coconut juice, milk, whipped cream, non-dairy creamer, sugar, stevia extract, and gelatin by 35.26, 35.26, 10.13, 6.05, 6.05, 6.72, 0.27, and 0.26 % w/w, respectively. The nutrition analysis showed that the developed product consisted of moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrates by 84.04, 4.04, 2.78, 0.37, 0.40, and 8.43 % w/w, respectively, with 74.90 kcal/100 grams of the total energy. The total calorie was reduced by 16.62 % as compared to that of the control sample. The physical properties; firmness, springiness, and water activity were 53.81 g, 4.99 mm, and 0.93, respectively. The color values (L*, a* and b*) were 83.08, 1.91, and 15.15, respectively. The polyethylene cup with lid was used as packing material and the microbiological properties of the final product were acceptable according to the Thai community product standard. The consumer acceptance of the product was in the levels of ‘like’ to ‘like very much’ (6.88-8.11 scores). The shelf life of the product packed in polyethylene plastic container at 8±2 ºC was 14 days.
Article Details
References
[2] Kvarnemo, C. and Ahnesjo, I., 1996, The dynamics of operational sex ratios and competition for mates, Trend Ecol. Evol. 11: 404-408.
[3] Burley, N., 1977, Parental investment, mate choice, and mate quality, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 3476-3479.
[4] Amundsen, T., 2000, Why are female birds ornamented?, Trend Ecol. Evol. 15: 149-155.
[5] Price, T. and Birch, L., 1996, Repeated evolution of sexual color dimorphism in passerine birds, The Auk 113: 842-848.
[6] Peterson, A.T., 1996, Geographic variation in sexual dichromatism in birds, Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club. 116: 156-172.
[7] Omland, K.E., 1997, Examining two standard assumptions of ancestral reconstructions: Repeated loss of dichromatism in dabbling ducks (Anatini), Evolution 51: 1636-1646.
[8] Langmore, N.E. and Bennett, A.T.D., 1999, Strategic concealment of sexual identity in an estrildid finch, Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 266: 543-550.
[9] Kimball, R.T. and Ligon, J.D., 1999, Evolution of avian plumage dichromatism from a proximate perspective, Am. Nat. 154: 182-193.
[10] Burns, K.J., 1998, A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of sexual dichromatism in tanagers (Thraupidae): The role of female versus male plumage, Evolution 52: 1219-1224.
[11] Irwin, R.E., 1994, The evolution of plumage dichromatism in the new world blackbirds: social selection on female brightness?, Am. Nat. 144: 890-907.
[12] Fitzpatrick, C.L. and Servedio, M.R., 2018, The evolution of male mate choice and female ornamentation: a review of mathematical models, Curr. Biol. 64: 323-333.
[13] LeBas, N.R., 2006, Female finery is not for males, Trend Ecol. Evol. 21: 170-173.
[14] Amundsen, T., 2000, Female Ornaments: Genetically Correlated or Sexually Selected?, pp. 133-154, In Espmark, Y., Amundsen, T. and Rosenqvist, G. (Eds.), Animal Signals: Signalling and Signal Design in Animal Communication, Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim.
[15] Heinsohn, R., Legge, S. And Endler, J.A., 2005, Extreme reversed sexual dichromatism in a bird without sex role reversal, Science 309: 617-619.
[16] Martin, T.E. and Badyaev, A.V., 1996, Sexual dichromatism in birds: importance of nest predation and nest location for females versus males, Evolution 50: 2454-2460.
[17] Bleiweiss, R., 1992, Reversed plumage ontogeny in a female hummingbird: implications for the evolution of iridescent colours and sexual dichromatism, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 47: 183-195.
[18] Hill, G.E., 1993, Male mate choice and the evolution of female plumage coloration in the house finch, Evolution 47: 1515-1525.
[19] Hill, G.E., 1990, Female house finches prefer colorful males: sexual selection for a condition-dependent trait, Anim. Behav. 40: 563-572
[20] Amundsen, T., Forsgren, E. and Hansen, L.T.T., 1997, On the function of female ornaments: male bluethroats prefer colourful females, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 264: 1579-1586.
[21] Rohde, P.A., Johnsen, A. and Lifjeld, J.T, 1999, Female plumage coloration in the bluethroat: no evidence for an indicator of maternal quality, The Condor. 101: 96-104.
[22] Smiseth, P.T. and Amundsen, T., 2000, Does female plumage coloration signal parennnntal quality?: A male removal experiment with the bluethroat (Luscinia s. svecica), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47: 205-212.
[23] Tella, J.L., Forfero, M.G., Donazar, J.A. and Hiraldo, F., 1997, Is the expression of male traits in female lrsser kestrels related to sexual selection?, Ethology 103: 72-81.
[24] Cuervo, J.J., de Lope, F. and Moller, A.P., 1996, The function of long tails in female barn swallows (Hirundo rustica): An experimental study, Behav. Ecol. 17: 132-136.
[25] Moller, A.P., 1993, Sexual selection in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica, III. Female tail ornaments, Evolution 47: 417-431.
[26] Monaghan, P., Metcalfe, N.B. and Houston, D.C., 1996, Male finches selectively pair with fecund females, Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B 263: 1183-1186.
[27] Dakin, R., Lendvai, A.Z., Ouyang, J.Q., Moore, I.T. and Bonier, F., 2016, Plumage color is associated with partner parental care in mutually ornamented tree swallows, Anim. Behav. 111: 111-118.
[28] Linville, S.U., Breitwisch, R. and Schilling, A.J., 1998, Plumage brightness as an indicator of parental care in northern cardinals, Anim. Behav. 55: 119-127.
[29] Jones, I.L. and Hunter, F.M., 1993, Mutual sexual selection in a monogamous seabird, Nature 362: 238-239.
[30] Potti, J. and Merino, S., 1996, Decreased levels of blood trypanosome infection correlate with female expression of a male secondary sexual trait: Implications for sexual selection, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 263: 1199-1204.
[31] Owens, I.P.F., Burke, T. and Thompson, D.B.A., 1994, Extraordinary sex roles in the Eurasian dotterel: Female mating arenas, female-female competition, and female mate choice, Am. Nat. 144: 76-100.
[32] Johnsen, T.S., Hengeveld, J.D., Blank, J.L., Yasukawa, K., Nolan, V.Jr., 1996, Epaulet brightness and condition in female red-winged blackbirds, The Auk 113: 356-362.
[33] Muma, K.E. and Weatherhead, P.J., 1989, Male traits expressed in females: Direct or indirect sexual selection?, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25: 23-31.
[34] Stutchbury, B., 1994, Competition for winter territories in a neotropical migrant: The role of age, sex and color, The Auk 111: 63-69.