Influences of Water Salinity and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Growth of Bermuda Grass cv. Champion in Golf Course
Main Article Content
Abstract
This experiment aims to study the effect of water salinity tolerance and suitable nitrogen fertilizer application under salinity irrigation on Bermuda grass cv. Champion. The experimental design was split-plot in randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Main plot was nitrogen fertilizer application rates at 3 levels; N1 60 kg N/rai/year, N2 90 kg N/rai/year and N3 120 kg N/rai/year. Subplot was water salinity at 4 levels; S1 0 mS/cm, 8 mS/cm, 16 mS/cm, and 24 mS/cm. The result showed similarities in stolon/area, dry weight/area, and green area under all nitrogen fertilizer rates. Water salinity rates at 0 and 8 mS/cm caused higher (p < 0.05) in the number of stolon/area, dry weight/area, and green area than 16 and 24 mS/cm of water salinity.
Article Details
References
Amacher, J.K., Koenig, R. and Kitchen, B., 2000, Salinity and Plant Tolerance, USU Extension Publications, Logan, UT.
Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W., 1985, Water Quality for Agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rome.
Chaves, M.M., Pereira, J.S., Maroco, J., Rodrigues, M.L., Ricardo, C.P.P. and Osório, M.L., 2002, How plants cope with water stress in the field: Photosynthesis and growth, Ann. Bot. 89: 907-916.
Geungjoo, L., Carrow, R.N. and Duncan, R. R., 2005, Growth and water relation responses to salinity stress in halophytic seashore paspalum ecotypes, Sci. Hort. 104: 221-236.
Hou, A., Akiyama, H., Nakajima, Y., Sudo, S. and Tsuruta, H., 2000, Effects of urea form and soil moisture on N2O and NO emissions from japanese andosols, Chemospere 2: 321-327.
Harivandi, M.A., 1994, Wastewater Quality and Treatment Plants, pp. 106-129, In Kenna, M.P. and Snow, J.T. (Eds.), Wastewater Reuse for Golf Course Irrigation. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MN.
Marcum, K.B. and Pessarakli, M., 2006, Salinity tolerance and salt gland excretion efficiency of Bermuda grass turf cultivars, Crop Sci. 46: 2571-2574.
Marcum, K.B., 2008, Relative Salinity Tolerance of Turfgrass Species and Cultivars, p. 391, In Pessaraki, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Turfgrass Management and Physiology, CRC press, New York.
McCarty, B. and Canegallo, A., 2005, Tips for managing ultradwarf bermudagrass greens, Golf Course Manag. 73: 90-95.
Michael, D.R. and Bailey, J.R., 1999, Cold tolerance of ‘Tifton 419’ bermudagrassas affected by late-season nitrogen applications and trinexapac-ethyl (Primo). AAES Res. Ser. 475: 101-108.
Munshaw, G.C., Zhang, X. and Ervin, E.H., 2004, Effect of salinity on bermudagrass cold hardiness. HortScience. 39: 42-423.
Nadeem, M., Younis, A., Riaz, A., Hameed, M., Nawaz, T. and Qasim, M., 2012, Growth response of cultivars of bermudagrass (Cyanodon dactylon L.) to salt stress, Pak. J. Bot.44: 1347-1350.
Namtip, C., Anusontpornperm, C., Thana chit, S. and Rungmekarat, S., 2014, Effect of soil conditioners on soil moisture and growth of manila grass (Zoysiamatrella) on fairway of Bangpoo golf country club, Khon Kaen Agric. J. 42(1): 25-38. (in Thai)
Neumann, P.M., Volkenburgh, E.V. and Cleland, R.E., 1988, Salinity stress inhibits bean leaf expansion by reducing turgor, not wall extensibility, Plant Physiol. 88: 233-237.
Nicholas, M., 2012, Foliar Applied Urea Nitrogen Metabolism in Warm Season Turfgrass under Salinity Stress, Doctoral Dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
Noor, A.Z., Abdul, S.J., MD, K.U., Mohd, R.I., Muhammad, S.A.H. and Umme, A.N., 2013, Screening of potential salt tolerant turfgrass species in Peninsular Malaysi, AJCS 7: 1571-1581.
Zulkaliph, N.A., Juraimi, A.S., Uddin, M.K. and Ismail, M.R., 2017, Growth responses of tolerant turfgrass to salinity stress, Bangladesh J. Bot. 46: 343-353.
Ramadhani, D., Rahardjo, T. and Nurhayati S., 2012, Automated measurement of haemozoin (malarial pigment) area in liver histology using Image J 1.6, Proceeding of 6th Electrical Power, Electronics Commu nication, Control and Informatics Seminar (EECCIS), Malang.
Richard, M.B., Brown, M.A. and Brown, S.D., 1997, Champion dwarf hybrid Bermuda grass. US Patent Plant 9: 888.
Richards, L.A., 1954, Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils, USDA Agriculture Handbook 60, Washington, DC.
Rueden, C.T., Schindelin, J., Hiner, M.C., DeZonia, B.E., Walter, A.E., Arena, E.T. and Eliceiri, K.W., 2017, Image J2: Image J for the next generation of scientific image data, BMC Bioinformatics 18: 529.
Thasanasongchan, A., 2535, Turf Manage ment for Golf Courses, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 72 p. (in Thai)
Turgeon, A.J., 2002, Competition between Agrostis stolonifera and Poa annua populations in turf grass communities, Sci. Golf 4: 643-647.
Uddin, M.K., Juraimi, A.S., Naher, U.A., Ismail, M.R., Radziah, O. and Rahim, A.A., 2011, Application of saline water and herbicides as a method for weed control in the topical turfgrass: Its impact on nutrient uptake and soil microbial community, Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 5: 5155-5164.
William, L.B., 2007, Salinity affects quality parameters of 'Seadwarf' seashore paspalum, Hort. Sci. 42: 417-420.
Xiang, M., Moss, J.Q., Martin, D.L. and Wu, Y., 2018, The salinity tolerance of seeded-type common bermudagrass cultivars and experimental selections, Hort. Technol. 28: 276-283.