พฤติกรรมการดูแลลูกของพ่อแม่แมลง : รูปแบบการลงทุนพิเศษเพื่อลูก
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ธ.ค. 29, 2019
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พฤติกรรมการดูแลลูก การลงทุนพิเศษ การเฝ้าดูแลไข่ การเฝ้าดูแลลูกอ่อน พ่อแม่แมลง
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บทคัดย่อ
พฤติกรรมการดูแลลูกของพ่อแม่แมลงเป็นการกระทำใด ๆ ที่พ่อแม่แสดงออกมาเพื่อเพิ่มโอกาสให้ลูกมีชีวิตรอดและสืบพันธุ์ต่อไปได้ พฤติกรรมของพ่อแม่จัดว่าเป็นการลงทุนพิเศษที่มีการใช้ต้นทุน คือ พลังงาน ความเสี่ยงอันตราย และโอกาสในการผลิตลูกในอนาคต เพื่อลงทุนให้กับผลประโยชน์ของลูกในรุ่นปัจจุบัน ในกลุ่มแมลง พฤติกรรมการดูแลลูกเกิดการปรับตัวทางวิวัฒนาการอย่างเป็นอิสระ ทำให้มีรูปแบบของพฤติกรรมที่มีความหลากหลาย จากการรวบรวมเอกสารสามารถจัดแบ่งรูปแบบของพฤติกรรมการดูแลลูกของพ่อแม่แมลงออกเป็น 9 รูปแบบ คือ (1) การเลือกตำแหน่งในการวางไข่ (2) การทำรังและการสร้างโพรง (3) การเฝ้าดูแลไข่อยู่กับที่ (4) การนำไข่ติดตัวไปด้วย (5) การดูแลเอมบริโอภายในร่างกายของแม่ (6) การนำลูกอ่อนติดตัวไปด้วย (7) การจัดหาอาหารสำหรับเลี้ยงลูกอ่อน (8) การเฝ้าดูแลลูกอ่อน และ (9) การเฝ้าดูแลลูกที่โตเต็มวัย ซึ่งตัวอย่างของแมลงที่มีพฤติกรรมการดูแลลูกในรูปแบบต่าง ๆ ได้นำเสนอรายละเอียดในบทความนี้
Article Details
ประเภทบทความ
Biological Sciences
เอกสารอ้างอิง
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[2] Kelley, P., Parental Care from an Insect's Perspective, Available Source: https://www.insectslimited.com/assets/file_uploads/F&PNewsletter122%20Insects%20as%20Parents.pdf, March 6, 2018.
[3] Nanor, P., 2008, Bee and applications, Adv. Sci. J. 8(2): 75-81. (in Thai)
[4] Nanor, P., 2009, Social parasitism in bee, Apis florea Fabricius, Adv. Sci. J. 9(1): 24-30. (in Thai)
[5] Maksong, S., 2016, Diversity of bee flora at Tipuya, Chalae, Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi, Thai Sci. Technol. J. 24(1): 76-86. (in Thai)
[6] Clutton-Brock, T.H., 1991, The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 352 pp.
[7] Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T. and Kölliker, M., 2012, The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[8] Wong, J.W.Y., Meunier, J. and Kolliker, M., 2013, The evolution of parental care in insects: The roles of ecology, life history and social environment, Ecol. Entomol. 38: 123-137.
[9] Tallamy, D.W., 1999, Child care among the insects, Sci. Am. 172-77.
[10] Smiseth, P.T., 2014, Parental Care, pp. 221-230, In Shuker, D. and Simmons, L. (Eds.), The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
[11] Trumbo, T.S., 2012, Parental Care in Invertebrates, pp. 81-100, In Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T. and Kolliker, M. (Eds.), The Evolution of Parental Care, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
[12] Alcock, J., 2009, Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach, 9th Ed., Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts.
[13] Tallamy, D.W., 1984, Insect parental care, Biosciences 34: 20-24.
[14] Trumbo, T.S., 2012, Parental Care in Invertebrates, pp. 81-100, In Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T. and Kolliker, M. (Eds.), The Evolution of Parental Care, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
[15] Wasserberg, G., White, L., Bullard, A., King, J. and Max-well, R., 2013. Oviposition site selection in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): are the effects of predation risk and food level independent?, J. Med. Entomol. 50: 1159-1164.
[16] Tjørnløv, R.S, Kissling, W.D, Barnagaud, J.Y., Bøcher, P.K. and Høye, T.T., 2015, Oviposition site selection of an endangered butterfly at local spatial scales, J. Insect Conserv. 19: 377-391.
[17] Brockmann, H.J., 1980, Diversity in nesting behavior of Mud-Daubers (Trypoxylon politum Say; Sphecidae), Fla. Entomol. 63: 53-64.
[18] Lamb, R.J., 1976, Parental behaviour in the Dermaptera with special reference to Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), Can. Entomol. 108: 609-19.
[19] Suzuki, S., 2013, Biparental care in insects: Paternal care, life history, and the function of the nest, J. Insect Sci. 13: 131.
[20] Mappes, J. and Kaitala, A., 1994. Experiments with Elasmucha grisea L. (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae): Does a female parent bug lay as many eggs as she can defend?, Behav. Ecol. 5: 314-317.
[21] Smith, R.L. and Larsen, E., 1993, Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius (Guerin) in the field (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae), Insect Behav. 6:93-106.
[22] Ichikawa, N., 1988, Male brooding behavior of the giant water bug Lethocerus deyrollei Vuillefroy. (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), J. Ethol. 6: 121-128.
[23] Smith, L.R., 1976, Male brooding behavior of the water bug Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69: 740-747.
[24] Mullins, E.D., Mullins, J.K. and Tigno, R.K., 2002, The structural basis for water exchange between the female cockroach (Blattella germanica) and her ootheca, J. Exp. Biol. 205: 2987-2996.
[25] Varma, P., Phyllomorpha laciniata, Available Source: https://alchetron.com/ Phyllomorpha-laciniata, May 21, 2018.
[26] McCarthy. M., Ichneumon wasp (Mega rhyssa macrurus lunato) (7686081848). jpg, Available Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/seneynwr/7686081848/CCBY-SA2.0, March 8, 2018.
[27] Miller, S.J. and Zink, G.A., 2012, Parental care trade-offs and the role offilial cannibalism in the maritime earwig, Anisolabis maritime, Anima. Behav. 83: 1387-1394.
[28] Dean, R.Jr., Embioptera:Webspinners, Available Source: https://www.nhptv.org/wild/embioptera.asp, March 7, 2018.
[29] Slickers, G., Parent bug, Available Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Elasmucha_grisea_20050608_916_part.jpg, May 21, 2018.
[30] Hume, G., Abedus herberti at the Cincinnati Zoo, Available Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abedus#/media/File:Abedus_herberti.jpg, May 21, 2018.
[31] HYLA, Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bug Lethocerus indicus in the field (Heteroptera: Belosto matidae), Available Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/hala2009/7260759022, May 21, 2018.
[32] Meier, R., Kotbra, M. and Ferrar, P., 1999, Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera, Biol. Rev. 74: 199-258.
[33] Marchal, E., Hult, E.F., Huang, J., Stay, B. and Tobe, S.S., 2013, Diploptera punctata as a model for studying the endocrinology of arthropod reproduction and develop ment, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 188: 85-93.
[34] Bhoopathy, S., 1998, Incidence of parental care in the cockroach, Thorax porcellana (Saravas) (Blaberidae: Blattaria), Curr. Sci. 74: 248-251.
[35] Ento, K., Araya, K. and Kudo, S., 2008, Trophic egg provisioning in a passalid beetle (Coleoptera), Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 99-104.
[36] Attisano, A. and Kilner, R.M., 2015, Parental effects and flight behaviour in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, Anima. Behav. 108: 91-100.
[37] Attisano, A. and Kilner, R.M., 2015, Parental effects and flight behaviour in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, Anima. Behav. 108: 91-100.
[38] Hunt, J. and Simmons., L.W., 2002, Behavioural dynamics of biparental care in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus, Anima. Behav. 64: 65-75.
[39] Suzuki, S., 2010, Progressive provisioning by the females of the earwig, Anisolabis maritima, increases the survival rate of the young, J. Insect Sci. 10: 184.
[40] Suzuki, S., Kitamura, M. and Matsubayashi, K., 2005, Matriphagy in the hump earwig, Anechura harmandi (Dermaptera: Forficu lidae), increases the survival rates of the offspring, J. Ethol. 23: 212-213.
[41] Kohno, K., 1997, Possible influences of habitat characteristics on the evolution of semelparity and cannibalism in the hump earwig Anechura harmandi, Res. Popul. Ecol. 39: 11-16.
[42] Tallamy, D.W. and Denno, R.F., 1981, Maternal care in Gargaphia solani (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Anim. Behav. 29: 771-778.
[43] Lin, C.P., 2006, Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers, J. Nat. His. 40: 32-34.
[44] Windsor, D.M., 1987, Natural history of a subsocial tortoise beetle, Acromis sparsa Boheman (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) in Panama, Psyche 94: 127-149.
[45] Maekawa, K. and Nalepa, C.A., 2011, Biogeography and phylogeny of wood-feeding cockroaches in the Genus Cryptocercus, Insects 2: 354-368.
[46] Mullins, D.E, Mullins K.J. and Tignor, K.R., 2002, The structural basis for water exchange between the female cockroach (Blattella germanica) and her ootheca, J. Exp. Biol. 19: 2987-2996.
[47] The Guardian, Cockroach milk: The next superfood?, Available Source: https://guardian.ng/features/cockroach-milk-the-next-superfood, April 12, 2018.
[48] Cockroaches B.G., An amazing diversity, Available Source: https://cockroach.Speciesfile.org/HomePage/Cockroach/Diversity/Diversity.aspx, May 21, 2018.
[49] Hare, O.R., Bug off I'm not in the mood! Female beetles use pheromones like a repellent to curb the desires of lusty males, Available Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-504809/Bug-m-not-mood-Female-beetles-use-pheromones-like-form-Pepper-spray-curb-desires-lusty-males.html#ixzz5GFlDjyuC, May 21, 2018.
[50] Goredema, B., Dung beetle, Available Source: https://pixabay.com/en/wildlife-nature-little-dung-beetle-3168583, May 22, 2018.
[51] Guidotia, M, Tallamy, W.D. and Júniorc, M.L.A., 2015, Maternal care in Gargaphia decoris (Heteroptera, Tingidae), with comments on this behavior within the genus and family, Rev. Bras. Entomol. 59:104-106.
[52] Hedin, M., Umbonia crassicornis (F Mem bracidae).jpg, Available Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Umbonia_crassicornis_(F_Membracidae).jpg, May 22, 2018.
[2] Kelley, P., Parental Care from an Insect's Perspective, Available Source: https://www.insectslimited.com/assets/file_uploads/F&PNewsletter122%20Insects%20as%20Parents.pdf, March 6, 2018.
[3] Nanor, P., 2008, Bee and applications, Adv. Sci. J. 8(2): 75-81. (in Thai)
[4] Nanor, P., 2009, Social parasitism in bee, Apis florea Fabricius, Adv. Sci. J. 9(1): 24-30. (in Thai)
[5] Maksong, S., 2016, Diversity of bee flora at Tipuya, Chalae, Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi, Thai Sci. Technol. J. 24(1): 76-86. (in Thai)
[6] Clutton-Brock, T.H., 1991, The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 352 pp.
[7] Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T. and Kölliker, M., 2012, The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[8] Wong, J.W.Y., Meunier, J. and Kolliker, M., 2013, The evolution of parental care in insects: The roles of ecology, life history and social environment, Ecol. Entomol. 38: 123-137.
[9] Tallamy, D.W., 1999, Child care among the insects, Sci. Am. 172-77.
[10] Smiseth, P.T., 2014, Parental Care, pp. 221-230, In Shuker, D. and Simmons, L. (Eds.), The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
[11] Trumbo, T.S., 2012, Parental Care in Invertebrates, pp. 81-100, In Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T. and Kolliker, M. (Eds.), The Evolution of Parental Care, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
[12] Alcock, J., 2009, Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach, 9th Ed., Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts.
[13] Tallamy, D.W., 1984, Insect parental care, Biosciences 34: 20-24.
[14] Trumbo, T.S., 2012, Parental Care in Invertebrates, pp. 81-100, In Royle, N.J., Smiseth, P.T. and Kolliker, M. (Eds.), The Evolution of Parental Care, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
[15] Wasserberg, G., White, L., Bullard, A., King, J. and Max-well, R., 2013. Oviposition site selection in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): are the effects of predation risk and food level independent?, J. Med. Entomol. 50: 1159-1164.
[16] Tjørnløv, R.S, Kissling, W.D, Barnagaud, J.Y., Bøcher, P.K. and Høye, T.T., 2015, Oviposition site selection of an endangered butterfly at local spatial scales, J. Insect Conserv. 19: 377-391.
[17] Brockmann, H.J., 1980, Diversity in nesting behavior of Mud-Daubers (Trypoxylon politum Say; Sphecidae), Fla. Entomol. 63: 53-64.
[18] Lamb, R.J., 1976, Parental behaviour in the Dermaptera with special reference to Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), Can. Entomol. 108: 609-19.
[19] Suzuki, S., 2013, Biparental care in insects: Paternal care, life history, and the function of the nest, J. Insect Sci. 13: 131.
[20] Mappes, J. and Kaitala, A., 1994. Experiments with Elasmucha grisea L. (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae): Does a female parent bug lay as many eggs as she can defend?, Behav. Ecol. 5: 314-317.
[21] Smith, R.L. and Larsen, E., 1993, Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius (Guerin) in the field (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae), Insect Behav. 6:93-106.
[22] Ichikawa, N., 1988, Male brooding behavior of the giant water bug Lethocerus deyrollei Vuillefroy. (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), J. Ethol. 6: 121-128.
[23] Smith, L.R., 1976, Male brooding behavior of the water bug Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69: 740-747.
[24] Mullins, E.D., Mullins, J.K. and Tigno, R.K., 2002, The structural basis for water exchange between the female cockroach (Blattella germanica) and her ootheca, J. Exp. Biol. 205: 2987-2996.
[25] Varma, P., Phyllomorpha laciniata, Available Source: https://alchetron.com/ Phyllomorpha-laciniata, May 21, 2018.
[26] McCarthy. M., Ichneumon wasp (Mega rhyssa macrurus lunato) (7686081848). jpg, Available Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/seneynwr/7686081848/CCBY-SA2.0, March 8, 2018.
[27] Miller, S.J. and Zink, G.A., 2012, Parental care trade-offs and the role offilial cannibalism in the maritime earwig, Anisolabis maritime, Anima. Behav. 83: 1387-1394.
[28] Dean, R.Jr., Embioptera:Webspinners, Available Source: https://www.nhptv.org/wild/embioptera.asp, March 7, 2018.
[29] Slickers, G., Parent bug, Available Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Elasmucha_grisea_20050608_916_part.jpg, May 21, 2018.
[30] Hume, G., Abedus herberti at the Cincinnati Zoo, Available Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abedus#/media/File:Abedus_herberti.jpg, May 21, 2018.
[31] HYLA, Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bug Lethocerus indicus in the field (Heteroptera: Belosto matidae), Available Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/hala2009/7260759022, May 21, 2018.
[32] Meier, R., Kotbra, M. and Ferrar, P., 1999, Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera, Biol. Rev. 74: 199-258.
[33] Marchal, E., Hult, E.F., Huang, J., Stay, B. and Tobe, S.S., 2013, Diploptera punctata as a model for studying the endocrinology of arthropod reproduction and develop ment, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 188: 85-93.
[34] Bhoopathy, S., 1998, Incidence of parental care in the cockroach, Thorax porcellana (Saravas) (Blaberidae: Blattaria), Curr. Sci. 74: 248-251.
[35] Ento, K., Araya, K. and Kudo, S., 2008, Trophic egg provisioning in a passalid beetle (Coleoptera), Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 99-104.
[36] Attisano, A. and Kilner, R.M., 2015, Parental effects and flight behaviour in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, Anima. Behav. 108: 91-100.
[37] Attisano, A. and Kilner, R.M., 2015, Parental effects and flight behaviour in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides, Anima. Behav. 108: 91-100.
[38] Hunt, J. and Simmons., L.W., 2002, Behavioural dynamics of biparental care in the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus, Anima. Behav. 64: 65-75.
[39] Suzuki, S., 2010, Progressive provisioning by the females of the earwig, Anisolabis maritima, increases the survival rate of the young, J. Insect Sci. 10: 184.
[40] Suzuki, S., Kitamura, M. and Matsubayashi, K., 2005, Matriphagy in the hump earwig, Anechura harmandi (Dermaptera: Forficu lidae), increases the survival rates of the offspring, J. Ethol. 23: 212-213.
[41] Kohno, K., 1997, Possible influences of habitat characteristics on the evolution of semelparity and cannibalism in the hump earwig Anechura harmandi, Res. Popul. Ecol. 39: 11-16.
[42] Tallamy, D.W. and Denno, R.F., 1981, Maternal care in Gargaphia solani (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Anim. Behav. 29: 771-778.
[43] Lin, C.P., 2006, Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers, J. Nat. His. 40: 32-34.
[44] Windsor, D.M., 1987, Natural history of a subsocial tortoise beetle, Acromis sparsa Boheman (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) in Panama, Psyche 94: 127-149.
[45] Maekawa, K. and Nalepa, C.A., 2011, Biogeography and phylogeny of wood-feeding cockroaches in the Genus Cryptocercus, Insects 2: 354-368.
[46] Mullins, D.E, Mullins K.J. and Tignor, K.R., 2002, The structural basis for water exchange between the female cockroach (Blattella germanica) and her ootheca, J. Exp. Biol. 19: 2987-2996.
[47] The Guardian, Cockroach milk: The next superfood?, Available Source: https://guardian.ng/features/cockroach-milk-the-next-superfood, April 12, 2018.
[48] Cockroaches B.G., An amazing diversity, Available Source: https://cockroach.Speciesfile.org/HomePage/Cockroach/Diversity/Diversity.aspx, May 21, 2018.
[49] Hare, O.R., Bug off I'm not in the mood! Female beetles use pheromones like a repellent to curb the desires of lusty males, Available Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-504809/Bug-m-not-mood-Female-beetles-use-pheromones-like-form-Pepper-spray-curb-desires-lusty-males.html#ixzz5GFlDjyuC, May 21, 2018.
[50] Goredema, B., Dung beetle, Available Source: https://pixabay.com/en/wildlife-nature-little-dung-beetle-3168583, May 22, 2018.
[51] Guidotia, M, Tallamy, W.D. and Júniorc, M.L.A., 2015, Maternal care in Gargaphia decoris (Heteroptera, Tingidae), with comments on this behavior within the genus and family, Rev. Bras. Entomol. 59:104-106.
[52] Hedin, M., Umbonia crassicornis (F Mem bracidae).jpg, Available Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Umbonia_crassicornis_(F_Membracidae).jpg, May 22, 2018.
