Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Fractionation and Soil Properties Related to Availability of Phosphorus in Calcareous Soils of Thailand
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting element for plant growth and crop yield in calcareous soils. The study on the chemical form of P can provide effective P management in calcareous soils. Therefore, this study aimed to fractionate inorganic and organic P forms and to study the correlation of P forms with the properties of Thai calcareous soils.
Methodology: The analysis of inorganic P by sequential extraction and the identification of organic P species by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) were investigated in six calcareous soil samples of Mollisols and Vertisols in Lop Buri and Nakhon Sawan provinces. The correlation between P forms and soil properties was studied using principal component and cluster analyses to categorize potential plant-available P pools.
Main Results: Most studied calcareous soils had inorganic P primarily distributed in slowly available and residual P fractions, and the dominant form was apatite mineral. Organic P species were dominant in orthophosphate monoester, followed by DNA-P, RNA, lipid-P, and aromatic diester, respectively. In addition, 31P NMR could detect other P forms, such as pyrophosphate, phosphonate, and orthophosphate, in small proportions in soil extracts. The principal component and cluster analyses, based on the correlation coefficient between P forms and soil properties, categorized potential available P pools into four groups: 1) readily available P with a high correlation with apatite, 2) clay-associated P, 3) organic matter-associated P, and 4) CaCO3-associated P.
Conclusions: Apatite mineral P is the dominant inorganic P form, while orthophosphate monoester is the dominant organic P form in calcareous soils. Apatite, clay, organic matter, and carbonate were identified as potential available P pools in calcareous soils. Increasing available P in calcareous soils should emphasize promoting the solubility of apatite-P and releasing organic-P from the decomposition of organic matter in the soil.
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