Free Radical Scavenging and Immunomodulatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Annona muricata Linn
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Abstract
Annona muricata Linn. has been traditionally used worldwide as an herbal medicine to treat various ailments. All parts of this plant contain several phytochemicals with numerous ethnomedicinal properties, including anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves (AM) by using DPPH-radical scavenging and macrophage activation tests. AM was extracted from A. muricata dried leaf powder using distilled water at room temperature. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of AM were assessed, and its antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH method. The immunomodulating effect of AM was evaluated on macrophages by determining phagocytic activity using the zymosan-nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay, nitric oxide (NO) production using the Griess reduction assay, and the expression and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. AM demonstrated its antioxidant potential in correlation with its phenolic and flavonoid contents. AM, at concentrations ranging from 0.312 to 10 µg/ml, significantly increased NO levels, iNOS and TNF-α expression, and induced zymosan phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves possesses antioxidant and immunomodulatory potentials. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the medicinal properties of this plant.
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