Peanut Hairy Root Culture Extract Suppresses Migration and Invasion of Highly Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cells
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, partly because of late-stage diagnosis, therapeutic resistance, and metastatic progression. This study investigated the anticancer and anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects of peanut hairy root culture crude extract (PCE), a source of prenylated stilbenoids including trans-arachidin-1 and trans-arachidin-3. The effects of PCE on cell viability were initially screened in KKU-213B, A549, MCF-7, and KB cancer cells. PCE reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with KKU-213B cells showing the greatest sensitivity among the tested cell lines. The effects of PCE on cell viability were subsequently evaluated in a panel of CCA cell lines comprising KKU-213A, KKU-213B, KKU-055, and the highly metastatic KKU-213AL5 subline. KKU-213AL5 cells exhibited the greatest sensitivity and were therefore selected for further investigation. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, PCE significantly suppressed KKU-213AL5 cell migration and invasion, as determined by wound-healing and Matrigel-coated Transwell assays, respectively. Gelatin zymography showed that PCE did not significantly alter MMP-2 or MMP-9 activity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PCE inhibits the cell viability, migration, and invasion of highly metastatic CCA cells, supporting further investigation of its active constituents and underlying molecular mechanism.
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