Dietary effect of Xylopia aethiopica supplementation on growth performance, hematology, serum biochemistry and tissue histology in African catfish hybrids (Clarias gariepinus ♀ × Heterobranchus bidorsalis ♂)

Abstract

Importance of the work: The incorporation of medicinal plants as natural feed additives is
recognized increasingly as essential for improving productivity and profitability in catfish
aquaculture.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of dietary Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. on growth
performance, health indices, tissue histology and economic returns in hybrid catfish.
Materials and Methods: Hybrid catfish fingerlings with an initial mean weight of 15.95 ± 0.01 g
were fed diets containing 0 to 2.0% X. aethiopica (XE) for 56 d and assessed for growth
performance, hematological parameters, serum biochemistry, enzyme activities, histological
alterations and profitability.
Results: Growth parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05), with 0.5% XE producing
the highest final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency. Conversely,
2.0% XE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced performance. Hematological indices (red and white
blood cell counts, hemoglobin and packed cell volume) improved at 0.5% XE (p < 0.05).
Based on serum biochemical markers, there were increased protein and globulin levels,
reduced cortisol and glucose and enhanced hepatic and renal function at 0.5–1.0% XE. Plasma
electrolytes remained stable at moderate XE inclusion but were significantly (p < 0.05)
altered at 2.0% XE. Histological examination revealed minimal hepatic and renal changes at
0.5–1.0% XE, while 2.0% XE caused vacuolation and inflammation. Economic analysis
indicated that 0.5% XE achieved the highest profit index and gross margin (p < 0.05).
Main finding: Moderate supplementation of X. aethiopica at 0.5–1.0% enhanced growth, health
and profitability in hybrid catfish culture, while excessive inclusion at 2.0% had adverse effects.