Development of an integrated model for enhancing digital-age psychological resilience among at-risk adolescents: A mixed-methods research study

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and test the effectiveness of an integrated model for enhancing digital-age psychological resilience among at-risk adolescents. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed across three phases. Phase 1 explored problems and needs through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 45 stakeholders, comprising 15 at-risk adolescents aged 13-18 years, 12 parents/guardians, 10 teachers and educational personnel, 5 public health workers, and 3 community leaders. Phase 2 developed an integrated model based on qualitative findings from Phase 1, which revealed five main risk factors and the need for multi-dimensional intervention, combined with literature review by integrating insights from interviews and focus group discussions regarding digital media use problems, needs for emotional management skills, and support system requirements, together with empirical evidence from literature on psychological resilience and technology use. Phase 3 tested effectiveness through a quasi-experimental trial with 80 at-risk adolescents who had at least 2 risk factors including broken families, low economic status, poor academic performance, risk behaviors, or bullying experiences. Using simple random sampling, participants were divided into an experimental group (n=40) and a control group (n=40). The experimental group received the SMART-Digital Program over 8 weeks, twice per week, 90 minutes per session, totaling 16 sessions. The control group received standard school and community care without any special intervention and would receive the full program after study completion to ensure fairness. During the study, 3 participants withdrew, resulting in 77 participants for final analysis (experimental group n=39, control group n=38).