Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Proteus mirabilis from Crude Zanthoxylum limonella Extract
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examined the antioxidant activity and antibacterial Proteus mirabilis activity of a crude Zanthoxylum limonella extract using two distinct polarity solvents. The crude Zanthoxylum limonella extraction yield was 12.7% when methanol was used as the solvent and 7.7% when dichloromethane was used. Zanthoxylum limonella crude extracts suppressed P. mirabilis bacterial growth with an average area of 23.83±0.624 mm in methanol and 15.33±0.623 mm in dichloromethane. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Zanthoxylum limonella were found to be 3.618±0.107 mgGAE/gDW and 4.279±0.539 mgQE/gDW in the methanol extract and 3.217±0.103 mgGAE/gDW and 2.722±0.125 mgQE/gDW in the dichloromethane extract, respectively. Based on the results of the experiment, it is possible to conclude that the crude extract of Zanthoxylum limonella, a potentially beneficial natural compound, could be used to treat patients with urinary tract infections. However, additional research, including animal testing and toxicity assessments in animal models, is required to confirm the future use of Zanthoxylum limonella extract in treating bacterial infections and other related diseases, as well as to ensure its safety for use.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P., & Chang, C.-M. (2022). Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27(4), 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041326
Bartges, J. W. (2004). Diagnosis of urinary tract infections. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 34(4), 923–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.001
Charoensup, R., Duangyod, T., Phuneerub, P., & Singharachai, C. (2016). Pharmacognostic specification of Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston: Fruits and seeds in Thailand. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 7(4), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.191421
Charoenying, P., Teerarak, M., & Laosinwattana, C. (2010). An allelopathic substance isolated from Zanthoxylum limonella Alston fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(3), 411–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.04.045
Das, N. G., Dhiman, S., Talukdar, P. K., Rabha, B., Goswami, D., & Veer, V. (2015). Synergistic mosquito-repellent activity of Curcuma longa, Pogostemon heyneanus and Zanthoxylum limonella essential oils. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 8(4), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2015.02.005
Domig, K. J., Mayrhofer, S., Zitz, U., Mair, C., Petersson, A., Amtmann, E., Mayer, H. K., & Kneifel, W. (2007). Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strains: Broth microdilution vs. agar disc diffusion assay. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 120(1–2), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.064
Elcocks, E. R., Spencer-Phillips, P. T. N., & Adukwu, E. C. (2020). Rapid bactericidal effect of cinnamon bark essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 128(4), 1025–1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14538
Gupta, K., Grigoryan, L., & Trautner, B. (2017). Urinary tract infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(7), ITC49–ITC64. https://doi.org/10.7326/AITC201710030
Jacobsen, S. M., & Shirtliff, M. E. (2011). Proteus mirabilis biofilms and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Virulence, 2(5), 460–465. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.5.17783
Kalyani, H. A., Aithal, K. S., & Srinivasan, K. K. (1989). In vitro anthelmintic activity of essential oil from the fruits of Zanthoxylum limonella. Fitoterapia, 60(2), 160–162.
Khruengsai, S., Sripahco, T., & Pripdeevech, P. (2023). Antibacterial activity and synergic effects of the essential oils of Amomum verum Blackw and Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston. Archives of Microbiology, 205(3), Article 102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03436-9
Khruengsai, S., Promhom, N., Sripahco, T., & Pripdeevech, P. (2023). Optimization of enzyme-assisted microwave extraction of Zanthoxylum limonella essential oil using response surface methodology. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 12872. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40142-4
Kleiman, M., Ryu, K. A., & Esser-Kahn, A. P. (2016). Determination of factors influencing the wet etching of polydimethylsiloxane using tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 217(2), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201500225
Nadon, S., Leksawasdi, N., Jantanasakulwong, K., Rachtanapun, P., Ruksiriwanich, W., Sommano, S. R., Khaneghah, A. M., Castagnini, J. M., Barba, F. J., & Phimolsiripol, Y. (2023). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and GC-MS chemical compositions of Makwaen pepper (Zanthoxylum myriacanthum) extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Plants, 12(11), 2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112211
Palasuwan, A., Soogarun, S., Lertlum, T., Pradniwat, P., & Wiwanitkit, V. (2005). Inhibition of Heinz body induction in an in vitro model and total antioxidant activity of medicinal Thai plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 6(4), 458–463.
Panumgul, L., Puwarawuttipanit, W., Poungkaew, A., & Rongrungruang, Y. (2021). Factors predicting sepsis in medical patients. Nursing Science Journal of Thailand, 39(3), 74–90. [in Thai]
Pattanawongsa, A., Klongsiriwet, C., Thaina, P., Prammano, A., Maneechai, N., Saengphrom, P., Yusakul, G., & Utsintong, M. (2021). In vitro and in vivo effects of Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston crude extracts and volatile oil on blood glucose reduction (TJPS-2021-0321. R1). Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 45(6).
Pitasawat, B., Champakaew, D., Choochote, W., Jitpakdi, A., Chaithong, U., Kanjanapothi, D., Rattanachanpichai, E., Tippawangkosol, P., Riyong, D., Tuetun, B., & Chaiyasit, D. (2007). Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: An alternative larvicide for mosquito control. Fitoterapia, 78(3), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2007.01.003
Saeed, N., Khan, M. R., & Shabbir, M. (2012). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, Article 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
Schaffer, J. N., & Pearson, M. M. (2017). Proteus mirabilis and urinary tract infections. In M. A. Mulvey, D. J. Klumpp, & A. E. Stapleton (Eds.), Urinary tract infections (Chapter 17). American Society for Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817404.ch17
Supabphol, R., & Tangjitjareonkun, J. (2014). Chemical constituents and biological activities of Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae): A review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(12), 2119–2130.
Tangjitjaroenkun, J., Supabphol, R., & Chavasiri, W. (2012). Antioxidant effect of Zanthoxylum limonella Alston. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(8), 1407–1414. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.846
Tangjitjaroenkun, J., Chavasiri, W., Thunyaharn, S., & Yompakdee, C. (2012). Bactericidal effects and time–kill studies of the essential oil from the fruits of Zanthoxylum limonella on multi-drug resistant bacteria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.692907
Wipoosanapan, P. (2018). Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of extracts from pericarp and seed of Zanthoxylum limonella Alston (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University). Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD). https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/chulaetd/2383
Wongkattiya, N., Akekawatchai, C., Sanguansermsri, P., Fraser, I. H., Pratoomsoot, C., & Sanguansermsri, D. (2018). Chemical compositions and biological properties of essential oils from Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 15(2), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v15i2.2
Wongsrisom, N., Jinata, J., Manosan, B., Kuntakhoo, J., Wankuan, S., & Sriyam, S. (2014). Anti-bacterial activities of essential oils from Mah-Khwuaen (Zanthoxylum limonella Alston). KMUTT Research and Development Journal, 37(1), 3–15.
