Health Benefit Potentials Offered by Soy Isoflavones as a Consequence of the Various Phytochemical Properties: A Review
Keywords:
Health benefits, Soy isoflavones, Phytochemical, PhytoestrogenAbstract
Bioactive soy isoflavones found in soybeans and other soy products offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to present similar structural characteristics to 17-β-estradiol. Moreover, they have the ability to form bonds with estrogen receptors known as phytoestrogen. They are able to serve as the estrogen agonists of the relevant antagonists, depending on the estrogenic level of endocrine, although it is understood that isoflavones are involved in many complex processes based on their activity modes and compound structures. Isoflavones are now a matter of considerable interest to researchers due to their potential health benefits, especially in addressing the onset of cardiovascular disease, hormone-dependent cancers, type 2 diabetes, problems related to menopause, osteoporosis, and cognitive decline due to the aging process. This study provides an overview based on prior research of the various benefits that might be offered by soy isoflavones.
References
Abernathy, L.M., Fountain, M.D., Joiner, M.C., & Hillman, G.G. (2017). Innate immune pathways associated with lung radioprotection by soy isoflavones. Frontiers in Oncology. 7, 7.
Abernathy, L.M., Fountain, M.D., Rothstein, S.E., David, J.M., Yunker, C.K., Rakowski, J., … Hillman, G.G. (2015). Soy isoflavones promote radioprotection of normal lung tissue by inhibition of radiation-induced activation of macrophages and neutrophils. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 10(12), 1703–1712.
Adlercreutz, H. (1990). Western diet and Western diseases: Some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigations, 50(Sub201), 3-23.
Alipour, S., Afshar, S., Moini, A., Dastjerdi, M., Saberi, A., Bayani, L., … Hosseini, L. (2012). Clinical and ultrasonographic changes of the breast after use of soy isoflavones. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13(12), 6093-6095.
Anderson, J., Anthony, M., Messina, M., & Garner, S. (1999). Effects of phyto-oestrogens on tissues. Nutrition Research Reviews, 12(1), 75-116.
Andrade, J.E., Ju, Y.H., Baker, C., Doerge, D.R., & Helferich, W.G. (2015). Long-term exposure to dietary sources of genistein induces estrogen-independence in the human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenograft model. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 59(3), 413-423.
Atkinson, C., Warren, R.M., Sala, E., Dowsett, M., Dunning, A.M., Healey, C.S., … Bingham, S.A. (2004). Red cloverderived isoflavones and mammographic breast density: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research, 6(3), 170-179.
Azadbakht, L., Kimiagar, M., Mehrabi, Y., Esmaillzadeh, A., Hu, F.B., & Willett, W.C. (2007). Soy consumption, markers of inflammation, and endothelial function a cross-over study in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 30(4), 967-973.
Banz, W., Hauck, S., Gename, B., Winters, T., & Bartke, A. (2004). Soy isoflavones modify liver free radical scavenger systems and liver parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 7(4), 477-481.
Barnes, S., Grubbs, C., Setchell, K.D.R., & Carlson, J. (1990). Soybeans inhibit mammary tumors in models of breast cancer. In M.W. Pariza (Ed.), Mutagens and carcinogens in the diet (pp. 239–253). New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.
Barton, G.M. (2008). A calculated response: Control of inflammation by the innate immune system. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(2), 413-420.
Basson, A.R., Ahmed, S., Almutairi, R., Seo, B., & Cominelli, F. (2021). Regulation of intestinal inflammation by soybean and soy-derived compounds. Foods, 10(4), 774.
Beaglehole, R. (1990). International trends in coronary heart disease mortality, morbidity, and risk factors. Epidemiologic Reviews, 12(1), 1-15.
Bernatoniene, J., Kazlauskaite, J.A., & Kopustinskiene, D.M. (2021). Pleiotropic effects of isoflavones in inflammation and chronic degenerative diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), 5656.
Biniwale, P., Biniwale, V., Phadke, A., & Qamra, A. (2022). Soy isoflavones in postmenopausal women: A review of current evidence. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8(1), 1-13.
Blair, H.C., Jordan, S.E., Peterson, T.G., & Barnes, S. (1996). Variable effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on avian osteoclastic activity and reduction of bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 61(4), 629-637.
Bolanos, R., Del Castillo, A., & Francia, J. (2010). Soy isoflavones versus placebo in the treatment of climacteric vasomotor symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause, 17(3), 660-666.
Bone, H.G., Greenspan, S.L., McKeever, C., Bell, N., Davidson, M., Downs, R.W., … Lombardi, A. (2000). Alendronate and estrogen effects in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Alendronate/estrogen study group. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(2), 720-726.
Bonet-Costa, V., Herranz-Perez, V., Blanco-Gandia, M., Mas-Bargues, C., Ingles, M., Garcia-Tarraga, P., … Vina, J. (2016). Clearing amyloid-beta through PPARgamma/ApoE activation by genistein is a treatment of experimental Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 51(3), 701-711.
Brzezinski, A., & Danenberg, H.D. (2008). Sex hormones, soy, and myocardial injury. Menopause, 15(2), 217-220.
Chang, Y., & Choue, R. (2013). Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of isoflavones after ingestion of soy products with different aglycone/glucoside ratios in South Korean women. Nutrition Research and Practice, 7(5), 393-399.
Chen, A., & Rogan, W.J. (2004). Isoflavones in soy infant formula: A review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24, 33-54.
Chen, L-R., Ko, N-Y., & Chen, K-H. (2019). Medical Treatment for osteoporosis: From molecular to clinical opinions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 2213.
Chen L-R., & Chen K-H. (2021). Utilization of isoflavones in soybeans for women with menopausal syndrome: An overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(6), 3212.
Chen, M., Rao, Y., Zheng, Y., Wei, S., Li, Y., Guo, T., & Yin, P. (2 0 1 4 ). Association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk for pre-and post-menopausal women: A meta analysis of epidemiological studies. PLOS ONE, 9(2), e89288.
Cheng, G., Wilczek, B., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J-A., & Landgren, B.M. (2007). Isoflavone treatment for acute menopausal symptoms. Menopause, 14(3), 468-473.
Cheng, P.F., Chen, J.J., Zhou, X.Y., Ren, Y-R., Huang, W., Zhou, J-J. & Xie, P. (2015). Do soy isoflavones improve cognitive function in postmenopausal women? A meta-analysis. Menopause, 22(2), 198-206.
Cornwell, T., Cohick, W., & Raskin, I. (2004). Dietary phytoestrogens and health. Phytochemistry, 65(8),
-1016. Cui, C., Birru, R.L., Snitz, B.E., Ihara, M., Kakuta, C., Lopresti, B.J., … Sekikawa, A. (2019). Effects of soy isoflavones on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews, 78(2), 134-144.
Duffy, R., Wiseman, H., & File, S.E. (2003). Improved cognitive function in postmenopausal women after 12 weeks of consumption of a soya extract containing isoflavones. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 721-729.
Erba, D., Casiraghi, M.C., Martinez-Conesa, C., Goi, G., & Massaccesi, L. (2012). Isoflavone supplementation reduces DNA oxidative damage and increases O-β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity in healthy women. Nutrition Research, 32(4), 233-240.
Erickson, D.R. (1995). Practical Handbook of soybean processing and utilization. Missouri, USA: AOCS.
Fanti, P., Asmis, R., Stephenson, T.J., Sawaya, B.P., & Franke, A.A. (2006). Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation--Correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21(8), 2239–2246.
Ferguson, J.F., Ryan, M.F., Gibney, E.R., Brennan, L., Roche, H.M. & Reilly, M.P. (2014). Dietary isoflavone intake is associated with evoked responses to inflammatory cardiometabolic stimuli and improved glucose homeostasis in healthy volunteers. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(9), 996-1003.
File, S.E., Hartley, D.E., Elsabagh, S., Duffy, R., & Wiseman, H. (2005). Cognitive improvement after 6 weeks of soy supplements in postmenopausal women is limited to frontal lobe function. Menopause, 12(2), 193-201.
File, S.E., Jarrett, N., Fluck, E., Duffy, R., Casey, K. & Wiseman. H. (2001). Eating soya improves human memory. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 157(4), 430-436.
Fritz, W.A., Eltoum, I.E., Cortroneo, M.S., & Lamartiniere, C.A. (2002). Genistein alters growth but is not toxic to the rat prostate. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(10), 3007-3011.
Fournier, L.R., Ryan-Borchers, T.A., Robison, L.M., Wiediger, M., Park, J-S., Chew, B.P., … Beerman, K.A. (2007). The effects of soy milk and isoflavone supplements on cognitive performance in healthy, postmenopausal women. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 11(2), 155-164.
Gallagher, J.C. (1990). The pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Bone and Mineral, 9(3), 215-227.
Garg, S., Lule, V.K., Malik, R.K., & Tomar, S.K. (2016). Soy bioactive components in functional perspective: A review. International Journal of Food Properties, 19(11), 2550-2574.
Garcia-Lafuente, A., Guillamon, E., Villares, A., Rostagno, M.A., & Martinez, J.A. (2009). Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation Research, 58(9), 537–552.
Gerosa, F., Tommasi, M., Benati, C., Gandini, G., Libonati, M., Tridente, G., … Trinchieri, G. (1993). Differential effects of tyrosine kinase inhibition in CD69 antigen expression and lytic activity induced by rIL2, rIL-12 and rIFN-alpha in human NK cells. Cellular Immunology, 150(2), 382-390.
Gilbert, E. R., & Liu, D. (2013). Anti-diabetic functions of soy isoflavone genistein: mechanisms underlying its effects on pancreatic β-cell function. Food and function, 4(2), 200-212.
Gleason, C.E., Carlsson, C.M., Barnet, J.H., Meade, S.A., Setchell, K.D.R., Atwood, C.S., … Asthana, S. (2009). A preliminary study of the safety, feasibility and cognitive efficacy of soy isoflavone supplements in older men and women. Age and Ageing, 38(1), 86-93.
Hairi, H.A., Shuid, A.N., Ibrahim, N., Jamal, J.A., Mohamed, N. & Mohamed, I.N. (2019). The effects and action mechanisms of phytoestrogens on vasomotor symptoms during menopausal transition: Thermoregulatory mechanism. Current Drug Targets, 20(2), 192-200.
Hariri, M., Ghasemi, A., Baradaran, H.R., Mollanoroozy, E., & Gholami, A. (2021). Beneficial effect of soy isoflavones and soy isoflavones plus soy protein on serum concentration of C-reactive protein among postmenopausal women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 59, 102715.
Hassan, S.M. (2013). Soybean, nutrition and health. In El-Shemy, H.A. (ed.), Soybean-Bio-active Compounds (pp. 453- 473). London, UK: IntechOpen Limited.
Henderson, V.W., St John, J.A., Hodis, H.N., Kono, N., McCleary, C.A., Franke, A.A., … Mack, W.J. (2012). Longterm soy isoflavone supplementation and cognition in women: A randomized, controlled trial. Neurology, 78(23), 1841-1848.
Hirose, K., Imaeda, N., Tokudome, Y., Goto, C., Wakai, K., Matsuo, K., …Tajima, K. (2005). Soybean products and reduction of breast cancer risk: A case-control study in Japan. British Journal of Cancer, 93(1), 15-22.
Hoeck, J.A., Fehr, W.R., Murphy, P.A., & Welke, J.A. (2000). Influence of genotype and environment on isoflavone contents of soybean. Crop Science, 40(1), 48-51.
Ibrahim, W.H., Habib, H.M., Chow, C.K., & Bruckner, G.G. (2008). Isoflavone-rich soy isolate reduces lipid peroxidation in mouse liver. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 78(4-5), 217-222.
Ingram, D., Sanders, K., Kolybaba, M., & Lopez, D. (1997). Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. The Lancet, 350(9083), 990-994.
Jacobs, A., Sommerfield, C., Grossklaus, R., & Lampen. A. (2009). Efficacy of isoflavones in relieving vasomotor menopausal symptoms-a systematic review. Molecular Nutrition Food Research, 53(9), 1084-1097.
Jubaidi, F.F., Zainalabidin, S., Taib, I.S., Hamid, Z.A., & Budin, S.B. (2021). The potential role of flavonoids in ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy via alleviation of cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(10), 5094.
Jung, Y.S., Rha, C.S., Baik, M.Y., Baek, N.I., & Kim, D.O.A. (2020). Brief history and spectroscopic analysis of soy isoflavones. Food Science and Biotechnology, 29(12), 1605-1617.
Kao, Y.C., Zhou, C., Sherman, M., Laughton, C.A., & Chen, S. (1998). Molecular basis of the inhibition of human aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens: A site-directed mutagenesis study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(2), 85-92.
Kim, H.K., Kang, S.T., Cho, J.H., Choung, M.G., & Suh, D.Y. (2005). Quantitative trait loci associated with oligosaccharide and sucrose contents in soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Plant Biology, 48(1), 106-112.
Kim, I-S. (2021). Current perspectives on the beneficial effects of soybean isoflavones and their metabolites for humans. Antioxidants, 10(7), 1064.
Kuligowski, M., Sobkowiak, D., Polanowska, K., & Jasinska-Kuligowska, I. (2022). Effect of different processing methods on isoflavone content in soybeans and soy products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 110, 104535.
Kurzer, M.S. (2002). Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(3), 570S-573S.
Kwon, D.Y., Daily, J.W., Kim, H.J., & Park, S. (2010). Antidiabetic effects of fermented soybean products on type 2 diabetes. Nutrition Research, 30(1), 1-13.
Lee, M.J., & Kim, J.H. (2007). Estimated dietary isoflavone intake among Korean adults. Nutrition Research and Practice, 1(3), 206-211.
Lim, Y.J., Lyu, J.I., Kwon, S.J., & Eom, S.H. (2021). Effects of UV-A radiation on organ-specific accumulation and gene expression of isoflavones and flavonols in soybean sprout. Food Chemistry, 339, 128080.
Liu, K. (1997). Soybeans: chemistry, technology, and utilization. New York, USA: Chapman & Hall.
Lofamia, E.A.A., Ramos, G.B., Mamon, M.A.C., Salido, F.M., Su, G.S., & de Vera, M.P. (2014). Isoflavone maternalsupplementation during periconception period: Influence on the reproductive organs of the first generation (F1) murine weanling-stage offspring. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 3(4), 268–274.
Lund, T.D., West, T.W., Tian, L.Y., Bu, L.H., Simmons, D.L., Setchell, K.D., … Lephart, E.D. (2001). Visual spatial memory is enhanced in female rats (but inhibited in males) by dietary soy phytoestrogens. BMC Neuroscience, 2, 20.
Magee, P.J., & Rowland, I.R. (2004). Phyto-oestrogens, their mechanism of action: current evidence for a role in breast and prostate cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 91(4), 513-531.
Maki, P.M., Rubin, L.H., Fornelli, D., Drogos, L., Banuvar, S., Shulman, L.P., & Geller, S.E. (2009). Effects of botanicals and combined hormone therapy on cognition in postmenopausal women. Menopause, 16(6), 1167-1177.
Messina, M. (2016). Soy and health update: Evaluation of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. Nutrients, 8(12), 754.
Messina, M.J. (1999). Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3), 439s-450s.
Messina, M., Nagata, C., & Wu, A.H. (2006). Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Nutrition and Cancer, 55(1), 1-12.
Morabito, N. , Crisafulli, A., Vergara, C., Gaudio, A., Lasco, A., Frisina, N., … Squadrito, F. (2002). Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 17(10), 1904-1912.
Nakamoto, M., Otsuka, R., Nishita, Y., Tange, C., Tomida, M., Kato, Y., … Shimokata, H. (2018). Soy food and isoflavone intake reduces the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(10), 1458-1462.
Nasca, M.M., Zhou, J.-R., & Welty, F.K. (2008). Effect of soy nuts on adhesion molecules and markers of inflammation in hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Cardiology, 102(1), 84-86.
Nestel, P.J., Yamashita, T., Sasahara, T., Pomeroy, S., Dart, A., Komesaroff, P., … Abbey, M. (1997). Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 17(12), 3392-3398.
Nielsen, T.F., Ravn, P., Bagger, Y.Z., Warming, L., & Christiansen, C. (2004). Pulsed estrogen therapy in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A 2-year randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Osteoporosis International, 15(2), 168-174.
O’Keefe, S., Bianchi, L., & Sharman, J. (2015). Soybean nutrition. SM Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 1(2), 1006.
Okubo, H., Inagaki, H., Gondo, Y., Kamide, K., Ikebe, K., Masui, Y., … Meada, Y. (2017). Association between dietary patterns and cognitive function among 70-year-old Japanese elderly: A cross-sectional analysis of the SONIC study. Nutrition Journal, 16(1), 56.
Ozawa, M., Ninomiya, T., Ohara, T., Doi, Y., Uchida, K., Shirota, T., … Kiyohara, Y. (2013). Dietary patterns and risk of dementia in an elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(5), 1076-1082.
Palomares, M.R., Hopper, L., Goldstein, L., Lehman, C.D., Storer, B.E., & Gralow, J.R. (2004). Effect of soy isoflavones on breast proliferation in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 88(Suppl. 1), 4002.
Peeters, P.H., Keinan-Boker, L., van der Schouw, Y.T., & Grobbee, D.E. (2003). Phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk: review of the epidemiological evidence. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 77(2), 171-183.
Peterson, E., & Barnes, S. (1993). Genistein and biochanin a inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation. Prostate, 22(4), 335-345.
Polkowski, K., & Mazurek, A.P. (2000). Biological properties of genistein. A review of in vitro and in vivo data. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 57(2), 135-155.
Potter, S.M., Baum, J.A., Teng, H., Stillman, R.J., Shay, N.F., & Erdman Jr, J.W. (1998). Soy protein and isoflavones: Their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68 (Suppl. 6), 1375S-1379S.
Qu, S., Kwon, S.J., Duan, S., Lim, Y.J., & Eom, S.H. (2021). Isoflavone changes in immature and mature soybeans by thermal processing. Molecules, 26(24), 7471.
Ramachandran, V., Bhongiri, B., Bairi, R., & Kumar, R.S. (2020). Potential health benefit of isoflavone. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(Suppl. 4), 2463-2467.
Riswanto, F.D.O., Rohman, A., Pramono, S., & Martono, S. (2021). Soybean (Glycine max L.) isoflavones: Chemical composition and its chemometrics-assisted extraction and authentication. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(1), 12-20.
Sarkar, F.H., & Li, Y. (2003). Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Cancer Investigation, 21(5), 744-757.
Sawa, T., Nakao, M., Akaike, T., Ono, K., & Maeda, H. (1999). Alkylperoxyl radical-scavenging activity of various flavonoids and other phenolic compounds: Implications for the anti-tumor-promoter effect of vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(2), 397-402.
Schewe, T., Steffen, Y., & Sies, H. (2008). How do dietary flavanols improve vascular function? A position paper. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 476(2), 102-106.
Seeman. E. (2004). Estrogen, androgen, and the pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 2(3), 90-96.
Sierens, J., Hartley, J.A., Campbell, M.J., Leathem, A.J., & Woodside, J.V. (2002). In vitro isoflavone supplementation reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in sperm. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 22(3), 227-234.
Stallings, M.T., Cardon, B.R., Hardman, J.M., Bliss, T.A., Brunson, S.E., Hart, C.M., … Hancock, C.R. (2014). A high isoflavone diet decreases 5′adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and does not correct selenium-induced elevations in fasting blood glucose in Mice. Nutrition Research, 34(4), 308-317.
St Germain, A., Peterson, C.T., Robinson, J.G., & Alekel, D.L. (2001). Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Menopause, 8(1), 17-26.
Sumien, N., Chaudhari, K., Sidhu, A., & Forster, M.J. (2013). Does phytoestrogen supplementation affect cognition differentially in males and females? Brain Research, 1514, 123-127.
Suparto, I.H., Williams, J.K., Fox, J.L., Yusuf, J.T.L., & Sajuthi, D. (2008). Effects of hormone therapy and dietary soy on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in ovariectomized atherosclerotic monkeys. Menopause, 15(2), 256-263.
Taku, K., Melby, M.K., Kronenberg, F., Kurzer, M.S., & Messina, M. (2012). Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause, 19(5), 776-790.
Tan, B.L., Norhaizan, M.E., & Liew, W.P. (2018). Nutrients and oxidative stress: Friend or foe? Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018, 9719584.
Thaung-Zaw, J.J., Howe, P.R.C., & Wong, R., (2017). Does phytoestrogen supplementation improve cognition in humans? A systematic review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1403(1), 150-163.
Thorp, A.A., Sinn, N., Buckley, J.D., Coates, A.M., & Howe, P.R.C. (2009). Soya isoflavone supplementation enhances spatial working memory in men. British Journal of Nutrition, 102(9), 1348-1354.
Tranche, S., Brotons, C., Pascual de la Pisa, B., Macias, R., Hevia, E., & Marzo-Castillejo, M. (2016). Impact of a soy drink on climacteric symptoms: An open-label, crossover, randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol, 32(6), 477-482.
Travis, R.C., Spencer, E.A., Allen, N.E., Appleby, P.N., Roddam, A.W., Overvad, K., … Key, T.J. (2009). Plasma phyto-oestrogens and prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. British Journal of Cancer, 100(11), 1817-1823.
Turhan, N.O., Bolkan, F., Duvan, C.I., & Ardicoglu, Y. (2008). The effect of isoflavones on bone mass remodelling markers in postmenopausal women. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 38(2), 145-152.
Wagner, J.D., Zhang, L., Shadoan, M.K., Kavanagh, K., Chen, H., Tresnasari, K., … Adams, M.R. (2008). Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on insulin resistance and adiponectin in male monkeys. Metabolism, 2008, 57(Suppl. 1), S24-S31.
Wang, Y., Cai, B., Shao, J., Wang, T-T., Cai, R-Z., Ma, C-J., … Du, J. (2016). Genistein suppresses the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in hippocampal neurons in rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Neural Regeneration Research, 11(7), 1153-1158.
Wang, Q., Ge, X., Tian, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, P. (2013). Soy isoflavone: The multipurpose phytochemical (Review). Biomedical Reports, 1(5), 697-701.
Wei, P., Liu, M., Chen, Y., & Chen, D.C. (2012). Systematic review of soy isoflavone supplements on osteoporosis in women. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(3), 243-248.
Wong, W.W., Taylor, A.A., Smith, E.O., Barnes, S., & Hachey, D.L. (2012). Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on nitric oxide metabolism and blood pressure in menopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(6), 1487-1494.
Woo, H.D., Park, K.-S., Ro, J., & Kim, J. (2012). Differential influence of dietary soy intake on the risk of breast cancer recurrence related to HER2 status. Nutritional and Cancer, 64(2), 198-205.
Woo, J., Lau, E., Ho, S.C., Cheng, F., Chan, C., Chan, A.S.Y., … Sham, A. (2003). Comparison of Pueraria lobata with hormone replacement therapy in treating the adverse health consequences of menopause. Menopause, 10(4), 352-361.
Xu, D.P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.J., & Li, H.B. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 96.
Yamori, Y. (2006). Food factors for atherosclerosis prevention: Asian perspective derived from analyses of worldwide dietary biomarkers. Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, 11(2), 94-98.
Ye, S., Wang, T-T., Cai, B., Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhan, J-H., & Shen, G-M. (2017). Genistein protects hippocampal neurons against injury by regulating calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV protein levels in Alzheimer’s disease model rats. Neural Regeneration Research, 12(9), 1479-1484.
Yoon, G-A., & Park, S. (2014). Antioxidant action of soy isoflavones on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in exercised rats. Nutrition Research and Practice, 8(6), 618-624.
Yu, J., Bi, X., Yu, B., & Chen, D. (2016). Isoflavones: Anti-inflammatory benefit and possible caveats. Nutrients, 8(6), 361.
Zhao, T.T., Jin, F., Li, J.G., Xu, Y.Y., Dong, H.T., Liu, Q., … Miao, Z.F. (2019). Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clinical Nutrition, 38(1), 136-145.
Zheng, X., Lee, S-K., & Chun, O.K. (2016). Soy isoflavones and osteoporotic bone loss: A review with an emphasis on modulation of bone remodeling. Journal of Medicinal Food, 19(1), 10-14.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
