Assessment of heavy metal concentration in wastewater of silk dyeing in Kalasin, Thailand
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Abstract
Mudmee silk is a well-known product of Ban Non-Chard village, Kalasin, Thailand. Untreated wastewater from dyeing process and washing dyed silk yarns is generally discharged into the environment. This study aimed to assess the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) in effluents produced by dyeing silk yarns in three colors. The 39 effluent samples from different houses were collected and classified by color, i.e., black, red, and yellow. An atomic absorption spectrometer was used to determine the heavy metal concentrations. The results were evaluated in accordance with the wastewater standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean concentration values of heavy metals in wastewater samples were found to occur in the order Cr > Pb > Cd. The results showed that the black dye effluents had significantly higher concentrations of Cr than other colors dye effluents. All samples of red, black, and yellow effluents had pH values within the permissible limits, excepting three samples of black effluents. The metals Cd, Cr, and Pb were found in most red, black, and yellow effluent samples, and most concentrations exceeded the WHO standard.
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