Distribution of Acanthamoeba genotypes isolated from recreational water resources: a review

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Apr 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14456/sehs.2021.12
Keywords:
Acanthamoeba spp. genotypes environment recreational water gene sequencing

Main Article Content

Nurain Farahin Azizan
Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia
Hartini Yusof
Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia. Corresponding author's e-mail: tini01@uitm.edu.my

Abstract

Acanthamoeba spp. are ubiquitously living in the environment of both natural and man-made. They are pathogenically known to cause blinding keratitis and fatal encephalitis in humans. The severity of Acanthamoeba infection can be life-threatening although it is rarely reported. Acanthamoeba spp. have been widely isolated from various environmental sources, including recreational waters, such as hot springs, rivers, swimming pools, and seawater. The presence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp. in these resources is significant as many people visit these places for recreational activities. They can be possibly exposed to the infection. Genotype T4 is known as the most pathogenic and prevalent as it has been identified from a variety of sources, including environmental and clinical samples. It also has the highest association with human infections, followed by T5. Acanthamoeba spp. can be identified by using culture and molecular techniques, which are polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing. This review provided an overview of the distribution of Acanthamoeba genotypes from recreational waters across the world from available studies, which was aimed to describe the prevalence of genotypes isolated. Further, this review also described the genotypes associated with Acanthamoeba spp. infections, which are keratitis and encephalitis.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Farahin Azizan, N., & Yusof, H. (2021). Distribution of Acanthamoeba genotypes isolated from recreational water resources: a review. Science, Engineering and Health Studies, 15, 21010002. https://doi.org/10.14456/sehs.2021.12
Issue
Volume 15, 2021
Section
Editorials and Reviews

References

Abdul Majid, M. A., Mahboob, T., Mong, B. G. J., Jaturas, N., Richard, R. L., Tian-Chye, T., Phimphila, A., Mahaphonh, P., Aye, K. N., Aung, W. L., Chuah, J., Ziegler, A. D., Yasiri, A., Sawangjaroen, N., Lim, Y. A. L., and Nissapatorn, V. (2017). Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries. PLoS ONE, 12(2), e0169448.

Aghajani, A., Dabirzadeh, M., Maroufi, Y., and Hooshyar, H. (2016). Identification of Acanthamoeba genotypes in pools and stagnant water in ponds in Sistan region in Southeast Iran. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi, 40(3), 132-136.

Al-Herrawy, A. Z., Khalil, M. I., El-Sherif, S. S., Omar, F. A. E., and Lotfy, W. M. (2017). Surveillance and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria species in two swimming pools in Alexandria University, Egypt. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 12(2), 196-205.

Alves, D., Moraes, A. S., Nitz, N., Oliveira, M. G., Hecht, M. M., Gurgel-Gonçalves, R., and Cuba, C. A. C. (2012). Occurrence and characterization of Acanthamoeba similar to genotypes T4, T5, and T2/T6 isolated from environmental sources in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. Experimental Parasitology, 131(2), 239-244.

Armand, B., Motazedian, M. H., and Asgari, Q. (2016). Isolation and identification of pathogenic free-living amoeba from surface and tap water of Shiraz city using morphological and molecular methods. Parasitology Research, 115(1), 63-68.

Basher, M. H. A., Ithoi, I., Mahmud, R., Abdulsalam, A. M., Foead, A. I., Dawaki, S., Atroosh, W. M. M., Nissapatorn, V., and Abdullah, W. O. (2018). Occurrence of Acanthamoeba genotypes in central west Malaysian environments. Acta Tropica, 178, 219-228.

Ben Salah, I., and Drancourt, M. (2010). Surviving within the amoebal exocysts: the Mycobacterium avium complex paradigm. BioMed Central Microbiology, 10, 99.

Booton, G. C., Kelly, D. J., Chu, Y. W., Seal, D. V., Houang, E., Lam, D. S. C., Byers, T. J., and Fuerst, P. A. (2002). 18S ribosomal DNA typing and tracking of Acanthamoeba species isolates from corneal scrape specimens, contact lenses, lens cases, and home water supplies of Acanthamoeba keratitis patients in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(5), 1621-1625.

Booton, G. C., Visvesvara, G. S., Byers, T. J., Kelly, D. J., and Fuerst, P. A. (2005). Identification and distribution of Acanthamoeba species genotypes associated with nonkeratitis infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(4), 1689-1693.

Bunsuwansakul, C., Mahboob, T., Hounkong, K., Laohaprapanon, S., Chitapornpan, S., Jawjit, S., Yasiri, A., Barusrux, S., Bunluepuech, K., Sawangjaroen, N., Salibay, C. C., Kaewjai, C., Pereira, M. L., and Nissapatorn, V. (2019). Acanthamoeba in Southeast Asia - overview and challenges. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 57(4), 341-357.

Castellani, A. (1930). An amoeba found in cultures of a yeast: preliminary note. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 33, 160.

Caumo, K., and Rott, M. B. (2011). Acanthamoeba T3, T4, and T5 in swimming-pool waters from Southern Brazil. Acta Tropica, 117(3), 233-235.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Acanthamoeba keratitis: source of infection & risk factors. [Online URL: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/acanthamoeba/infection-sources.html] accessed on May 20, 2020.

Chan, L. L., Mak, J. W., Low, Y. T., Koh, T. T., Ithoi, I., and Mohamed, S. M. (2011). Isolation and characterization of Acanthamoeba spp. from air-conditioners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Acta Tropica, 117(1), 23-30.

Corsaro, D., Köhsler, M., Filippo, M. M. D., Venditti, D., Monno, R., Cave, D. D., Berrilli, F., and Walochnik, J. (2017). Update on Acanthamoeba jacobsi genotype T15, including full-length 18S rDNA molecular phylogeny. Parasitology Research, 116(4), 1273-1284.

Değerli, S., Değerli, N., Çamur, D., Doğan, Ö., and İlter, H. (2020). Genotyping by sequencing of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria isolates from the thermal pool distributed throughout Turkey. Acta Parasitologica, 65(1), 174-186.

Dendana, F., Trabelsi, H., Neiji, S., Sellami, H., Kammoun, S., Makni, F., Feki, J., Cheikhrouhou, F., and Ayadi, A. (2018). Isolation and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba spp from oasis water in Tunisia. Experimental Parasitology, 187, 37-41.

Dodangeh, S., Kialashaki, E., Daryani, A., Sharif, M., Sarvi, S., Moghaddam, Y. D., and Hosseini, S. A. (2018). Isolation and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba spp. from hot springs in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. Journal of Water and Health, 16(5), 807-813.

Evyapan, G., Koltas, I. S., and Eroglu, F. (2014). Genotyping of Acanthamoeba T15: The environmental strain in Turkey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 109(3), 221-224.

Fabres, L. F., Maschio, V. J., Santos, D. L., Dos, Kwitko, S., Marinho, D. R., Araújo, B. S. De, Locatelli, C. I., and Rott, M. B. (2018). Virulent T4 Acanthamoeba causing keratitis in a patient after swimming while wearing contact lenses in Southern Brazil. Acta Parasitologica, 63(2), 428-432.

Fabres, L. F., dos Santos, S. R. P., Benitez, L. B., and Rott, M. B. (2016). Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba spp. from thermal swimming pools and spas in Southern Brazil. Acta Parasitologica, 61(2), 221-227.

Fuerst, P. A. (2014). Insights from the DNA databases: approaches to the phylogenetic structure of Acanthamoeba. Experimental Parasitology, 145, S39-S45.

Gabriel, S., Khan, N. A., and Siddiqui, R. (2019). Occurrence of free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria) in water samples in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Water and Health, 17(1), 160-171.

Ghani, M. K. A., Majid, S. A., Abdullah, N. S., Nordin, A., Suboh, Y., Rahim, N. A., Mutalib, H. A., and Ahmad, N. (2013). Isolation of Acanthamoeba spp. from contact lens paraphernalia. International Medical Journal, 20(1), 66-68.

Grün, A. L., Stemplewitz, B., and Scheid, P. (2014). First report of an Acanthamoeba genotype T13 isolate as etiological agent of a keratitis in humans. Parasitology Research, 113(6), 2395-2400.

Hajialilo, E., Behnia, M., Tarighi, F., Niyyati, M., and Rezaeian, M. (2016). Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba strains (T4, T9, and T11) from amoebic keratitis patients in Iran. Parasitology Research, 115(8), 3147-3151.

Hussain, R. H. M., Ishak, A. R., Ghani, M. K. A., Khan, N. A., Siddiqui, R., and Anuar, T. S. (2019). Occurrence and molecular characterisation of Acanthamoeba isolated from recreational hot springs in Malaysia: evidence of pathogenic potential. Journal of Water and Health, 17(5), 813-825.

Ji, W. T., Hsu, B. M., Chang, T. Y., Hsu, T. K., Kao, P. M., Huang, K. H., Tsai, S. F., Huang, Y. L., and Fan, C. W. (2014). Surveillance and evaluation of the infection risk of free-living amoebae and Legionella in different aquatic environments. Science of the Total Environment, 499, 212-219.

Kalra, S. K., Sharma, P., Shyam, K., Tejan, N., and Ghoshal, U. (2020). Acanthamoeba and its pathogenic role in granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Experimental Parasitology, 208, 107788.

Kao, P., Hsu, B., Chen, N., Huang, K., Huang, S., King, K., and Chiu, Y. (2012). Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba species from thermal spring environments in Southern Taiwan. Experimental Parasitology, 130(4), 354-358.

Khan, N. A. (2006). Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) Microbiology Reviews, 30(4), 564-595.

Koyun, İ., Kolören, Z., Karaman, Ü., Tsiami, A., and Karanis, P. (2020). Acanthamoeba spp. in river water samples from the Black Sea region, Turkey. Journal of Water and Health, 18(2), 186-199.

Lackner, P., Beer, R., Broessner, G., Helbok, R., Pfausler, B., Brenneis, C., Auer, H., Walochnik, J., and Schmutzhard, E. (2010). Acute granulomatous Acanthamoeba encephalitis in an immunocompetent patient. Neurocritical Care, 12(1), 91-94.

Lorenzo-Morales, J., Khan, N. A., and Walochnik, J. (2015). An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Parasite, 22, 10.

Maciver, S. K., Asif, M., Simmen, M. W., and Lorenzo-Morales, J. (2013). A systematic analysis of Acanthamoeba genotype frequency correlated with source and pathogenicity: T4 is confirmed as a pathogen-rich genotype. European Journal of Protistology, 49(2), 217-221.

Marciano-cabral, F., and Cabral, G. (2003). Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(2), 273-307.

Matsui, T., Maeda, T., Kusakabe, S., Arita, H., Yagita, K., Morii, E., and Kanakura, Y. (2018). A case report of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis by Group 1 Acanthamoeba genotype T18 diagnosed by the combination of morphological examination and genetic analysis. Diagnostic Pathology, 13(1), 27.

Niyyati, M., Lasjerdi, Z., Nazar, M., Haghighi, A., and Mojarad, E. N. (2012). Screening of recreational areas of rivers for potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in the suburbs of Tehran, Iran. Journal of Water and Health, 10(1), 140-146.

Niyyati, M., Nazar, M., Lasjerdi, Z., Haghighi, A., and Nazemalhosseini, E. (2015). Reporting of T4 genotype of Acanthamoeba isolates in recreational water sources of Gilan province, Northern Iran. Novelty in Biomedicine, 3(1), 20-24.

Niyyati, M., Saberi, R., Latifi, A., and Lasjerdi, Z. (2016). Distribution of Acanthamoeba genotypes isolated from recreational and therapeutic geothermal water sources in Southwestern Iran. Environmental Health Insights, 10, 69-74.

Omaña-molina, M., Vanzzini-zago, V., Hernandez-Martinez, D., Gonzalez-Robles, A., Salazar-Villatoro, L., Ramirez-Flores, E., Oregon-Miranda, E., Lorenzo-Morales, J., and Martinez-Palomo, A. (2016). Acanthamoeba genotypes T3 and T4 as causative agents of amoebic keratitis in Mexico. Parasitology Research, 115(2), 873-878.

Paknejad, N., Hajialilo, E., Saraei, M., and Javadi, A. (2020). Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba genotypes and Naegleria spp. from the water samples of public swimming pools in Qazvin, Iran. Journal of Water and Health, 18(2), 244-251.

Prithiviraj, S. R., Rajapandian, S. G. K., Gnanam, H., Gunasekaran, R., Mariappan, P., Singh, S. S., and Prajna, L. (2020). Clinical presentations, genotypic diversity, and phylogenetic analysis of Acanthamoeba species causing keratitis. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 69(1), 87-95.

Pussard, M., and Pons, R. (1977). Morphologie de la paroi kystique et taxonomie du genre Acanthamoeba (Protozoa, Amoebida). Protistologica, 13(4), 557-598.

Qvarnstrom, Y., Nerad, T. A., and Visvesvara, G. S. (2013). Characterization of a new pathogenic Acanthamoeba species, A. byersi n. sp., isolated from a human with fatal amoebic encephalitis. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 60(6), 626-633.

Risler, A., Coupat-Goutaland, B., and Pélandakis, M. (2013). Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Acanthamoeba isolates associated with keratitis. Parasitology Research, 112(11), 3807-3816.

Scheid, P., and Schwarzenberger, R. (2012). Acanthamoeba spp. as vehicle and reservoir of adenoviruses. Parasitology Research, 111(1), 479-485.

Schroeder, J. M., Booton, G. C., Hay, J., Niszl, I. A., Seal, D. V., Markus, M. B., Fuerst, P. A., and Byers, T. J. (2001). Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(5), 1903-1911.

Sente, C., Erume, J., Naigaga, I., Magambo, P. K., Ochwo, S., Mulindwa, J., Namara, B. G., Kato, C. D., Sebyatika, G., Muwonge, K., and Ocaido, M. (2016). Occurrence and genetic characterisation of Acanthamoeba spp. from environmental and domestic water sources in Queen Elizabeth protected area, Uganda. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 127.

Siddiqui, R., and Khan, N. A. (2012). Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasite & Vectors, 5, 6.

Steenbergen, J. N., Shuman, H. A., and Casadevall, A. (2001). Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(26), 15245-15250.

Sütçü, M., Aktürk, H., Gülümser-şişko, S., Acar, M., Erol, O. B., Somer, A., Bilgiç, B., and Salman, N. (2018). Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in an immunocompetent child. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 60(3), 340-343.

Tawfeek, G. M., Bishara, S. A. H., Sarhan, R. M., ElShabrawi Taher, E., and ElSaady Khayyal, A. (2016). Genotypic, physiological, and biochemical characterization of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolated from the environment in Cairo, Egypt. Parasitology Research, 115(5), 1871-1881.

Todd, C. D., Reyes-Batlle, M., Piñero, J. E., Martínez-Carretero, E., Valladares, B., Streete, D., Lorenzo-Morales, J., and Lindo, J. F. (2015). Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba genotypes in recreational and domestic water sources from Jamaica, West Indies. Journal of Water and Health, 13(3), 909-919.

Visvesvara, G. S., Moura, H., and Schuster, F. L. (2007). Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae : Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 50(1), 1-26.

Volkonsky, M. (1931). Hartmanella castellanii Douglas, et classification des hartmannelles. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 72, 317-339.

Walochnik, J., Aichelburg, A., Assadian, O., Steuer, A., Visvesvara, G., Vetter, N., and Aspöck, H. (2008). Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba amoebae of genotype T2 in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(1), 338-340.

Zamora, A., Henderson, H., and Swiatlo, E. (2014). Acanthamoeba encephalitis: A case report and review of therapy. Surgical Neurology International, 5, 68.