Heavy metals and pathogenic contamination in vegetable crops through wastewater irrigation and risk reduction in developing countries
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, the demerits of wastewater (WW) irrigation have been well understood, yet the percussion and given attention appear to be inadequate in most parts of the world, especially in developing countries, where sustainable agriculture has become more questionable. As part of a diet, vegetables are inevitable in almost all communities in the world. This paper reviewed two key challenges; heavy metal and pathogenic contamination in vegetable crops through WW irrigation and possible mitigation strategies with regard to developing countries. Yet, there are no enough studies conducted in majority of the developing countries to support planners and policy-makers in this regard. According to the available literature, it is clear that WW should never be used for irrigation without adequate pre-treatment and the treatment method should be fitted-for-purpose. Implementation of farm-level filtration systems, sedimentation ponds and drip irrigation systems like methods will further help to minimize these impacts. Under these circumstances, reuse of adequately treated WW for irrigation will be a sensible solution to address the challenges of water scarcity and the rising demand for food.
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