Contamination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic chemicals consisting of two or more fused benzene ring. These compounds were seriously concerned with the pollution because they could be biomagnified through food chain. In addition, they are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds and are stable in the environment. The degradation of PAHs in the atmosphere could occur through biodegradation, photodegradation, and chemical degradation. Several sources of PAHs are contaminated in the environment: pyrogenic, petrogenic and biological source. This caused PAHs to be spoiled and distributed in widely environment. However, the most crucial cause of PAH contamination in the environment was an anthropogenic source, especially industrial activity. In this article, the data of PAH contamination were collected, including PAH contamination in the atmosphere, soil, sediment, water, and food. However, PAH contamination in the atmosphere is the primary source of distributing PAHs to other environments. The urgent removal of PAHs in the atmosphere is necessary.
Article Details
References
Rengarajan, T., Rajendran, P., Nandakumar, N., Lokeshkumar, B., Rajendran P. and Nishigaki, I., 2015, Exposure to polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 5:182-189.
Alagić, S.Č., Maluckov, B.S. and Radojičíć, V.B., 2015, How can plants manage polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? May these effects represent a useful tool for an effective soil remediation? A review, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy. 17: 597-614.
Abdel-Shafy, H.I. and Mansour, M.S.M., 2016, A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation, Egypt. J. Pet. 25: 107-123.
Baran, A., Tarnawski, M., Urbański, K., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A. and Spałek, I.,
, Concentration, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in bottom sediments, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24:23180-23195.
Edokpayi, J.N., Odiyo, J.O., Popoola, O.P. and Msagati, T.A.M., 2016, Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, sediments and wastewater effluents in Vhembe District, South Africa, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 13: 387.
Behera, B.K., Das, A., Sarkar, D.J., Weerathunge, P., Parida, P.K., Das, B.K., Thavamani, P., Ramanathan, R., Bansal, V., 2018, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in inland aquatic ecosystems: Perils and remedies through biosensors and bioremediation, Environ. Pollut. 241: 212-233.
Balmer, J.E., Hung, H., Yu, Y., Letcher, R.J. and Muir, D.C.G., 2019, Sources and environmental fate of pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Arctic, Emerging Contam. 5: 128-142.
Wang, D., Ma, J., Li, H. and Zhang, X., 2018, Concentration and potential ecological risk of PAHs in different layers of soil in the petroleum-contaminated areas of the Loess Plateau, China, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15: 1785.
Rubailo, A.I. and Oberenko, A.V., 2018, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as priority pollutants, J. Sib. Fed. Univ., Chem. 4: 344-354.
Kim, K.-H., Jahan, S.A., Kabir, E. and Brown, R.J.C., 2013, A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects, Environ. Int. 60: 71-80.
Somtrakoon, K., Suanjit, S., Pokethitiyook, P., Kruatrachue, M., Lee, H., and Upatham, S., 2008, Phenanthrene stimulates the degradation of pyrene and fluoranthene by Burkholderia sp. VUN10013, World J Microbiol. Biotechnol.24:523–531 [12] Glick, B.R., 2010, Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation, Biotechnol. Advances. 28: 367–374.
EL-Saeid, M.H., Al-Turki, A.M., Nadeem, M.E.A., Hassanin, A.S. and Al-Wabel, M.I., 2015, Photolysis degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on surface sandy soil, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22:9603–9616
Gupta, H., 2018, PAH determination in effluent and sludge samples of paper industry, Environ. Technol. Innovation. 9:115-121.
Wilson, S. C., and Jones, K. C., 1993, Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review, Environ Pollut. 81: 229-249.
Gadde, B., Bonnet, S., Menke, C. and Garivait, S., 2009, Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines, Environ. Pollut. 157: 1554-1558.
Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Tan, F., Wu, X., and Chen, J., 2019, Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air of Dalian, China: Correlations with six criteria air pollutants and meteorological conditions, Chemosphere. 216: 516-523.
Srogi, K., 2007, Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review, Environ. Chem. Let. 5:169–195
Dat, N.-D. and Chang, M.B., 2017, Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies, Sci. Total Environ. 609: 682-693.
Orakij, W., Chetiyanukornkul, T., Chuesaard, T., Kaganoi, Y., Uozaki, W., Homma, C., Boongla, Y., Tang, N., Hayakawa, K., and Toriba, A., 2017, Personal inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro-derivatives in rural residents in northern Thailand, Environ. Monit. Assess. 189, 510.
Pongpiachan, S., Hattayanone, M., and Cao, J., 2017, Effect of agricultural waste burning season on PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in Northern Thailand, Atmos. Pollut. Res. 8: 1069-1080.
Ketsakorn, A., and Sahanavin, N., 2017, Relationship between particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and PM10 with environmental factors: A case study on a religion place in Pathum Thani Provinces, J. KMUTNB. 27 (3): 493-500.
Zhang, P. and Chen, Y., 2017, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in surface soil of China: A review, Sci. Total Environ. 605-606: 1011-1020.
Pongpiachan, S., Tipmadee, D., Deelaman, W., Muprasit, J., Feldensand, P. and Schwarzer, K., 2013, Baseline risk assessment of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal areas of Thailand affected by the 2004 tsunami, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 76: 370-378.
Pongpiachan, S., Hattayanone, M., Tipmanee, D., Suttinun, O., Khumsup, C., Kittikoon, I., and Hirunyatrakul, P., 2018, Chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 2013 Rayong oil spill-affected coastal areas of Thailand, Environ. Pollut. 233: 992-1002.
Islam, M.N., Jo, Y.-T., Chung, S.-Y. and Park, J.-H., 2018, Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in school playground soils in Urban Gwangju, South Korea, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 74:431-441.
Boonyatumanond, R., Wattayakorn, G., Togo, A. and Takada, H., 2006, Distribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) In riverine, estuarine, and marine sediments in Thailand, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 52: 942-956.
Reddy, C.M., Arey, J.S., Seewald, J.S., Sylva, S.P., Lemkau, K.L., Nelson, R.K., Carmichael, C.A., McIntyre, C.P., Fenwick, J., Ventura, G.T., Van Mooy, B.A.S., and Camilli, R., 2012, Composition and fate of gas and oil released to the water column during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109:20229-20234.
Chunharat, S., Wattayagorn, G., Suthanaruk, P. and Salaenoi, J., 2015, Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments in Map Ta Phut industrial estate area, Rayong Province, Thailand, Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.).49: 747-760.
Kahkashan, S., Wang, X., Ya, M., Chen, J., Wu, Y., Cai, Y., Saleem, M., Inam, A., and Aftab, J., 2019, Evaluation of marine sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Karachi coast, Pakistan, 11 years after the Tasman Spirit oil spill, Chemosphere. 233: 652-659.
Nasher, E., Heng, L.Y., Zakaria, Z. and Surif, S., 2013, Concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the seawater around Langkawi Island, Malaysia. J. Chem. ID 975781.
Bansal, V. and Kim, K.-H., 2015, Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards, Environ. Int. 84:26-38.
Ramos, A.B.A., Farias, C.O., Hamacher, C.and Araújo, M., 2017, Assessment of PAHs occurrence and distributionin brown mussels (Perna perna Linnaeus 1758) subject to different levels of contamination in Brazil, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 14:145-151.