The Estimation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) for Studying Urban Heat Island (UHI) A Case Study of Mueang District, Nakhon Sawan Province
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Abstract
The research investigated the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon based on land surface temperature (LST) using Landsat-9 (level-2) satellite data. LST was estimated using a single-channel algorithm that used 5 parameters: 1) the thermal infrared band, 2) land surface emissivity, 3) atmospheric transmittance, 4) upwelled radiance, and 5) downwelling radiance. Land use and land cover (LU/LC) were analyzed using Random Forest classification to examine the relationship between LU/LC and LST. The results showed that green spaces covered the majority of the district, accounting for 224,846 rai (48.08%), while bare land covered 114,848 rai (24.56%), and urban and built-up areas covered 55,801 rai (11.93%). The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 87% and a Kappa statistic of 0.83. The average LST of Mueang Nakhon Sawan District was 34.31 °C, with most areas having an LST between 34.1-37 °C, covering 160,606 Rai (34.34%). The relationship between LU/LC and LST (Y) was analyzed for bare land (X1), green spaces (X2) and urban and building areas (X3), showing correlation coefficients of 0.8136,-0.8108 and 0.7553, respectively. The multiple regression equation was: Y=28.4410+0.1310(X1)+0.0369(X2)+0.0933(X3), with an R2 value of 0.78 4. Regarding the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the Mueang Nakon Sawan District had a critical UHI coverage of 26,275 Rai (5.62%). The UHI intensity was stronger in bare land areas than in urban and built-up areas.
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