Antibacterial Effect and Cytotoxicity of the Throat Spray Recipe from Stingless Bee Honey and Herbal Extraction
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Abstract
In the southern region, medicinal plants are widely grown in almost every household, making them suitable as primary raw materials for distilling essential oils. This study aimed to: 1) evaluate the antibacterial effect of essential oils from kaffir lime, lemongrass, and lime (mixed essential oils). 2) develop a throat spray formulation and study its physical characteristics, and 3) conduct stability and toxicity tests. The findings indicated that the essential oils could inhibit S. aureus, S. pyrogens, and S. pneumonia. Stingless bee honey showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 1.56% to 3.13 % v/v, while the mixed essential oils had MIC and MBC values of 0.10 %v/v. Formula S4, which includes stingless bee honey, mixed essential oils, and other ingredients in a ratio of 20:2:78, was identified as the optimal formulation. It exhibited the following physical characteristics: a liquid form, yellow-brown color, distinct scent, slightly sweet and bitter taste, and a pH of 6.73. Stability tests, both short-term and long-term, revealed that the color, taste, presence of precipitates, and signs of adulteration were unchanged, with only a slight (non-significant) pH variation. Additionally, the S4 formula was found to be non-toxic to human dermal fibroblasts at concentrations below 6.25 mg/mL, with an IC50 value of 14.97 mg/mL. Therefore, the S4 formulation and manufacturing process have the potential to be transferred to entrepreneurs for future commercial use.
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