Overview of pesticides and their mechanisms of nervous system toxicity: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Pesticides are chemical or biological agents engineered to prevent, control, attract
or eliminate pests. They differ widely in their physical, chemical and toxicological
characteristics and these differences form the basis for their classification into distinct
categories. Pesticides are used extensively in different fields such as agriculture, forestry,
aquaculture and the food industry. However, their increasing use over the years has raised
serious concerns about environmental and public health risks. Improper or excessive
application of pesticides can lead to severe ecological damage and adverse effects on living
organisms. Even low-level exposure has been linked to several neurological disorders.
This review explored the effects of pesticide exposure for long and repeated periods on
the onset and progression of various neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases,
including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
cognitive and behavioral impairments and autism spectrum disorder. In addition,
the importance was underscored of responsible pesticide management and the adoption
of integrated pest management practices to minimize exposure risks. By providing
an in-depth overview of pesticide classifications, mechanisms of action and their
health and environmental consequences, this review seeks to encourage safer and more
sustainable approaches to pest control and agricultural productivity.