Evaluation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts from Roots of Diospyros Gardneri
Keywords:
Diospyros gardneri, Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant, AntibacterialAbstract
This research aimed to investigate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities present in roots of Diospyros gardneri, utilizing various solvents with different polarities. The samples underwent maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Subsequently, the extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical analysis to determine the levels of flavonoids and phenolics. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, while the antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method. The results revealed that the crude extracts contained phenolics at concentrations of 0.31, 0.60, and 0.82 mg GAE/mL sample, respectively. Additionally, they contained flavonoids at concentrations of 0.34, 0.65, and 1.38 mg QE/mL sample, respectively. The DPPH antioxidant activity percentages of the crude extracts stood at 47.08%, 79.95%, and 75.23%, respectively. The crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, both the crude n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts could inhibit Vibrio harveyi. Among these, the ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated significant inhibition against S. aureus (gram-positive bacteria), with the highest observed inhibition percentage recorded at 33.17±0.02%. These findings imply that the root of D. gardneri harbors bioactive compounds potentially beneficial for disease protection. Therefore, it stands as a valuable source of antioxidants and antibacterial elements, paving the way for the development of pharmaceutical applications and health products that capitalize on D. gardneri's properties.
References
Adu, O.T., Naidoo, Y., Lin,J., Adu, T.S., Sivaram, V., Dewir, Y.H. and El-Banna, A.N. 2022. Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Diospyros villosa (L.) De Winter Leaf and Stem-Bark Extracts. Horticulturae. 8: 945.
Cai, L., Wei, G.X., Bijl, P.V.D. and Wu, C.D. 2000. Namibian Chewing Stick, Diospyros lycioides, Contains Antibacterial Compounds against Oral Pathogens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48: 909−914.
Cesari, I., Hoerle´, M., Simoes-Pires, C., Grisoli, P., Queiroz, E.F., Dacarro, C., Marcourt, L., Moundipa, P.F., Carrupt, P.A., Cuendet, M., Caccialanza, G., Wolfender, J.L. and Brusotti, G. 2013. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Diospyros bipindensis (Gurke) extracts and its main constituents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 146: 264-270.
Chang, C.I., Chen, C.R., Chiu, H.L., Kuo, C.L. and Kuo, Y.H. 2009. Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima. Molecules. 14: 5281-5288.
Chen, Y., Xie, M.Y., Nie, S.P., Li, C. and Wang, Y.X. 2008. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum. Food Chemistry. 107(1): 231–241.
Dlamini, Z.M., Chen C.R., Dlamini, B.S. and Chang, C.I. 2023. In vitro antioxidant, antiglycation, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of extracts and solvent fractions of Elaeocarpus serratus L. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 52: 102827.
Felhi, S., Daoud, A., Hajlaoui, H., Mnafgui, K., Gharsallah, N., and Kadri, A. 2017. Solvent extraction effects on phytochemical constituents profiles, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and functional group analysis of Ecballium elaterium seeds and peels fruits. Food Science and Technology. 37(3): 483–492.
Feusso, H.M.F., Akak, C.M., Tala, M.F., Azebaze, A.G.B., Vardamides, J.C. and Laatsch H. 2017. Mannic acid, a new ent-kaurane dimer diterpenoid and other chemical constituents from different parts of Diospyros mannii. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 74: 51-56.
Gonelimali, F.D., Lin, J., Miao, W., Xuan, J., Charles, Fedrick., Chen, M. and Hatab, S.R. 2018. Antimicrobial Properties and Mechanism of Action of Some Plant Extracts Against Food Pathogens and Spoilage Microorganisms. Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 1639.
Higa, M., Ogihara, K. and Yogi, S. 1998. Bioactive Naphthoquinone Derivatives from Diospyros maritima BLUME. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 46(8): 1189-1193.
Huyut, Z., Beydemir Ş. and Gülçin, İ. 2017. Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Biochemistry Research International. 1-10.
Islam, Md.S., Sana, S., Haque Md.E., Rahman, S.M.M., Samad, A., Noman, A.A., Alam, R., Rana, S., Meem, R.I., Mondol, D., Islam, Md.S., Islam, Md.T. and Mazumder, K. 2021. Methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of Tragia involucrata L. leaves exhibit anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic activity in Swiss albino mice. Heliyon. e05814.
Jaiwal, B.V., Shaikh, F.K., Waghire, H.B. and Sarwade, B.P. 2012. Evaluation of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities in different solvent extracts of Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Bark. Journal of Experimental Sciences. 3(3): 11-14.
Jubeh, B., Breijyeh, Z. and Karaman, R. 2020. Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Overcoming Approaches. Molecules. 25(12): 2888.
Kwon, J., Park, J.E., Lee, J.S., Lee, J.H., Hwang, H., Jung, S.H., Kwon, H.C. and Jang, D.S. 2021. Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Diospyros kaki. Plants. 10: 1-12.
Lasunon, P., Phonkerd, N., Tettawong, P. and Sengkhamparn, N. 2022. Total phenolic compound and its antioxidant activity of by-product from pineapple. Food Research. 6(4): 107-112.
Lou, S.N., Hsu, Y.S. and Ho, C.T. 2014. Flavonoid compositions and antioxidant activity of calamondin extracts prepared using different solvents. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 22(3): 290-295.
Moon, J.K. and Shibamoto, T. 2009. Antioxidant assays for plant and food components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57(5): 1655-1666.
Ojha, U., Pandeya, P.R., Lamichhane G. and Jaishi, A. 2023. Diospyros spp. (Diospyros kaki L.f., Diospyros lotus L., Diospyros tomentosa Roxb.). Himalayan Fruits and Berries. 123-137.
Pádua, D., Rocha, E., Garguilo, D. and Ramos, A.A. 2015. Bioactive Compounds from Brown Seaweeds: Phloroglucinol, Fucoxanthin and Fucoidan as Promising Therapeutic Agents Against Breast Cancer. Phytochemistry Letters. 14: 91-98.
Somat, N.A., Yusoff, Z. and Osman, C.P. 2020. Chemical Constituents from Diospyros discolor Willd. and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. Pharmacognosy Journal. 12: 1547-1551.
Tameye, N.S.J., Akak, C.M., Tabekoueng, G.B., Mkounga, P., Bitchagno, G.T.M., Lenta, B.N., Sewald, N. and Nkengfack, A.E. 2022. Chemical constituents from Diospyros fragrans Gürke (Ebenaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 100: 104373.
Wuttikit, S. and Thanakijcharoenpath, W. 2022. Isolation and Characterization of Triterpenoids from the Stem of Diospyros gracilis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1139 (2023) 012001.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Food and Applied Bioscience Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
