Enhancing microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Salacca zalacca fruit peel, assessing antioxidant activity and formulation in sunscreen sticks
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the optimal conditions for the microwave-assisted extraction of total phenolic compounds from the peel of Salacca zalacca, and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts including the stability of the sunscreen stick after incorporating the extract as a key ingredient. The conditions studied included the solid-to-solvent ratios (4:40, 8:40, 12:40 and 16:40 g/mL), microwave power levels (200, 400, 600 and 800 watts) and the number of cycles, each lasting 30 seconds. The optimal conditions were identified as a solid-to-solvent ratio of 4 g peel to 40 mL ethanol, 3 extraction cycles and a microwave power of 600 W. The analysis of total phenolic contents using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method and the evaluation of antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay revealed that the S. zalacca peel extract, prepared under the scaled-up extraction conditions, contained 86.25 mg GAE/g extract of total phenolic compounds. The extract exhibited 50% radical scavenging activity of 19.17 µg TAE/mL and the extraction yield was 68%. The findings suggest that S. zalacca peel extract holds potential for developing sunscreen stick formulations due to its strong antioxidant properties. When incorporated into the sunscreen stick formulation, the extract maintained good homogeneity after 7 days at temperatures of 25°C and 45°C. However, further studies are required to assess the stability and efficacy of sunscreen sticks containing S. zalacca peel extract under different environmental conditions.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Published manuscript are the rights of their original owners and RMUTSB Academic Journal. The manuscript content belongs to the authors' idea, it is not the opinion of the journal's committee and not the responsibility of Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi
References
Aralas, S., Mohamed, M., & Bakar, M. F. A. (2009). Antioxidant properties of selected salak (Salacca zalacca) varieties in Sabah, Malaysia. Nutrition & Food Science, 39(3), 243-250.
Bhattacharya, S., & Sherje, A. P. (2020). Development of resveratrol and green tea sunscreen formulation for combined photoprotective and antioxidant properties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 60, 102000.
Buso, P., Radice, M., Baldisserotto, A., Manfredini, S., & Vertuani, S. (2017). Guidelines for the development of herbal-based sunscreen. In P. F. Builders (Eds.), Herbal Medicine. London, UK: IntechOpen Limited, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.72712
Chemat, F., Vian, M. A., & Cravotto, G. (2012). Green extraction of natural products: concept and principles. International journal of molecular sciences, 13(7), 8615-8627.
Chiari, B. G., Trovatti, E., Pecoraro, É., Correa, M. A., Cicarelli, R. M. B., Ribeiro, S. J. L., & Isaac, V. L. B. (2014). Synergistic effect of green coffee oil and synthetic sunscreen for health care application. Industrial Crops and Products, 52, 389-393.
Geoffrey, K., Mwangi, A. N., & Maru, S. M. (2019). Sunscreen products: rationale for use, formulation development and regulatory considerations. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 27(7), 1009-1018.
Girsang, E., Lister, I. N. E., Ginting, C. N., Khu, A., Samin, B., Widowati, W., & Rizal, R. (2019). Chemical constituents of snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss) peel and in silico anti-aging analysis. Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences, 3(2), 122-128.
Girsang, E., Lister, I. N. E., Ginting, C. N., Sholihah, I. A., Raif, M. A., Kunardi, S., & Widowati, W. (2020). Antioxidant and antiaging activity of rutin and caffeic acid. Pharmaciana, 10(2), 147-156.
Hubner, A., Sobreira, F., Neto, A. V., Pinto, C. A. S. D. O., Dario, M. F., Díaz, I. E. C., & Bacchi, E. M. (2019). The synergistic behavior of antioxidant phenolic compounds obtained from winemaking waste’s valorization, increased the efficacy of a sunscreen system. Antioxidants, 8(11), 530.
Kanlayavattanakul, M., Lourith, N., Ospondpant, D., Ruktanonchai, U., Pongpunyayuen, S., & Chansriniyom, C. (2013). Salak plum peel extract as a safe and efficient antioxidant appraisal for cosmetics. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 77(5), 1068-1074.
Jha, A. K., & Sit, N. (2022). Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 119, 579-591.
Lateh, L., Yuenyongsawad, S., Chen, H., & Panichayupakaranant, P. (2019). A green method for preparation of curcuminoid-rich Curcuma longa extract and evaluation of its anticancer activity. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 15(65), 730-735.
Thongekkaew, J., & Teangtam, W. (2023). Antioxidant activity, vitamin C and total phenolic contents in three types of lettuce grown in hydroponics and soil-based. RMUTSB Academic Journal, 11(2), 186-198. (in Thai)
Matthayom, W., Nochai, K., KoKaew, K., Pisapak, K., & Robmuang, D. (2020). Investigation of antioxidant capacity and antioxidant activity of Ma-huad (Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh.) juice. RMUTSB Academic Journal, 8(2), 187-198. (in Thai)
Momchev, P., Ciganovic, P., Jug, M., Marguí, E., Jablan, J., & Zovko Koncic, M. (2020). Comparison of maceration and ultrasonication for green extraction of phenolic acids from Echinacea purpurea aerial parts. Molecules, 25(21), 5142
Ng, S. Y., Gew, L. T., & Eh Suk, V. R. (2022). Plant polyphenols as green sunscreen ingredients: a systematic review. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 21(11), 5409-5444.
Opris, O., Soran, M. L., Lung, I., Stegarescu, A., Gutoiu, S., Podea, R., & Podea, P. (2021). Optimization of extraction conditions of polyphenols, antioxidant capacity and sun protection factor from Prunus spinosa fruits. Application in sunscreen formulation. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 18, 2625-2636.
Osorio-Tobón, J. F. (2020). Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57, 4299-4315.
Pham, T. N., Le, X. T., Pham, V. T., & Le, H. T. (2022). Effects of process parameters in microwave-assisted extraction on the anthocyanin-enriched extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk and its storage conditions on the kinetic degradation of anthocyanins in the extract. Heliyon, 8(6), e09518.
Prathumtet, J., Surasorn, C., & Paopa, T. (2019). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three flower infusion tea in Sakon Nakhon province. Journal of Health Science of Thailand, 28(6), 1110-1115. (in Thai)
Picot-Allain, C., Mahomoodally, M. F., Ak, G., & Zengin, G. (2021). Conventional versus green extraction techniques-a comparative perspective. Current Opinion in Food Science, 40, 144-156.
Purintraphiban, S., & Poonpaerdchon, S. (2020). Effect of tea processing on quality and antioxidant properties of gac fruit peel tea. RMUTSB Academic Journal, 8(1), 28-38. (in Thai)
Rosa, G. S., Vanga, S. K., Gariepy, Y., & Raghavan, V. (2019). Comparison of microwave, ultrasonic and conventional techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from olive leaves (Olea europaea L.). Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 58, 102234.
Sanchez-Reinoso, Z., Mora-Adames, W. I., Fuenmayor, C. A., Darghan-Contreras, A. E., Gardana, C., & Gutiérrez, L. F. (2020). Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Sacha Inchi shell: Optimization, physicochemical properties and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 153, 107922.
Sudiono, J., & Susanto, G. R. (2021). Antioxidant content of palm fruit (Borassus flabellifer L.) seed coat. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 34(3), 26695-26699.
Suwancharoen, S., Kasemsuk, T., Moonrungsee, N., Kurewan, U., Mekprayoon, S., Oebsapap, J., & Boonmee, A. (2022). Antioxidant activity of Salak and soap product development. The Journal of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 32(4), 1033-1043. (in Thai)
Thai Industrial Standards Institute. (2018). Thai SMEs standard: herbal lip treatment. Retrieved 25 December 2023, from https://www.tisi.go.th/assets/website/pdf/tiss/17-2561.pdf
Tilaar, A., Ranti, A., & Mun’im, A. (2017). The efficacy study of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw Var. Bongkok) extract as skin lightening agent. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(2), 235-238.
Wabaidur, S. M., Obbed, M. S., Alothman, Z. A., Alfaris, N. A., Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed, A. Y., Siddiqui, M. R., Altamimi, J., Z., & Aldayel, T. S. (2020). Total phenolic acids and flavonoid contents determination in Yemeni honey of various floral sources: Folin-Ciocâlteu and spectrophotometric approach. Food Science and Technology, 40(Suppl. 2), 647-652.