Natural carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel from bagasse for slow-release urea fertilizers: Effect of crosslinking acids
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Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is an agricultural waste obtained from sugar industries. Each year, there is a large amount of abandoned bagasse occurring. When bagasse waste is burned to generate electric power, it leads to environmental impact. Accordingly, the objective of this research is to study the preparation of hydrogels from bagasse to be used as materials for the slow release of urea. In the first step, the extracted cellulose from bagasse was synthesized into carboxymethyl cellulose. Then carboxymethyl cellulose was crosslinked to hydrogel materials using various types of acids (citric acid, succinic acid and tartaric acid) at concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 %w/w. Chemical and physical properties of the samples were studied by Attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique, respectively. The results showed the hydrogel materials presented infrared absorption at wavenumber in the range 1700-1722 cm-1 corresponding to the vibration of ester bonds occurring from crosslinking of carboxymethyl cellulose structures. The X-ray diffraction pattern and morphological information indicated that urea was adsorbed on the surface of the hydrogel. The results of water swelling suggest that the hydrogel obtained from crosslinking with 1 %w/w of acid provided a higher water swelling than using 3 and 5 %w/w of acid crosslinking. This result is relative to the slow release of urea; found that the hydrogel materials, which were crosslinked by 1 %w/w of acid, can slow up the release of urea better than the hydrogel obtained from 3 %w/w and 5 %w/w acid crosslinking. In addition, the hydrogel obtained from 1 %w/w succinic acid crosslinking can slow up the release of urea better than the hydrogel obtained from citric and tartaric crosslinking. The results of moisture in soil indicated that after completely releasing urea, the hydrogel material can also maintain the moisture in soil. Therefore, it is appropriate to develop bagasse into hydrogel materials to slow the release of urea in agriculture.
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