Effect of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and early seedling growth of ‘Sembada Hitam’ black rice subjected to saline conditions
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background and Objective: Black rice, ‘Sembada Hitam’, has become popular as a functional food because it contains anthocyanin and other minerals. Salicylic acid (SA) can sustain plants and help them grow better under environmental stresses, including salinity. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of SA applied as seed priming on the germination and early seedling growth of rice under salinity.
Methodology: The design of this experiment was 4 × 4 factorial in a completely randomized design. The first factor was levels of the NaCl, namely 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 mM. The second factor was different levels of SA, namely 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 2 mM. The rice seeds were soaked in SA for 24 hours, and then placed in a medium containing NaCl. Twenty rice seeds were germinated with three replicates. Seed germination was monitored daily for a week, germination rate index (GRI), number of roots, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and seedling vigor index (SVI) were determined on the 15th day.
Main Results: The results revealed that salinity inhibited seed germination and seedling growth. The elevated concentrations of NaCl caused the lower germination percentage (GP) and the early growth of seedlings. The adverse effects of salinity were ameliorated in those seeds primed with SA. Seed primed with 0.5 mM SA showed the highest GP under 100 mM NaCl of 80 ± 2.53% (P < 0.001). While 1 mM of SA under 50 mM NaCl possesses the highest shoot length (13.63 ± 0.12 cm; P < 0.001) and fresh weight (86 ± 0.001 mg; P < 0.001). Primed with 2 mM SA under 150 mM NaCl had a lower GP of 28.33 ± 7.64% than those primed with SA of 0.5 mM or 1 mM with GP of 45 ± 5% and 43.33 ± 7.64%, respectively.
Conclusions: Seeds priming with 1 mM SA positively affected germination and early seedling growth of
‘Sembada Hitam’ black rice subjected to salinity and it is recommended as an appropriate concentration for ameliorating adverse effects of salinity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abdi, N., A. van Biljon, C. Steyn and M.T. Labuschagne. 2022. Salicylic acid improves growth and physiological attributes and salt tolerance differentially in two bread wheat cultivars. Plants 11(14): 1853. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141853.
Ahmad, F., S. Iqbal, M.R. Khan, M.W. Abbas, J. Ahmad, H. Nawaz, S.M.A. Shah, S. Iqbal, M. Ahmad and M. Ali. 2019. Influence of seed priming with salicylic acid on germination and early growth of sesame. Pure Appl. Biol. 8(2): 1206–1213. https://doi.org/10.19045/BSPAB.2019.80062.
Alamri, S.A., M.H. Siddiqui, M.Y. Al-khaishani and H.M. Ali. 2018. Response of salicylic acid on seed germination and physio-biochemical changes of wheat under salt stress. Acta Sci. Agric. 2(5): 36–42.
Almeida, D.M., M.M. Oliveira and N.J.M Saibo. 2017. Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: Towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants. Genet. Mol. Biol. 40(1): 326–345. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0106.
Chutipaijit, S., S. Cha-um and K. Sompornpailin. 2011. High contents of proline and anthocyanin increase protective response to salinity in Oryza sativa L. spp. indica. Aust. J. Crop. Sci. 5(10): 1191–1198.
Devireddy, A.R., S.I. Zandalinas, Y. Fichman and R. Mittler. 2021. Integration of reactive oxygen species and hormone signaling during abiotic stress. Plant J. 105(2): 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15010.
Ellouzi, H., W. Zorrig, S. Amraoui, S. Oueslati, C. Abdelly, M. Rabhi, K.H.M. Siddique and K. Hessini. 2023. Seed priming with salicylic acid alleviates salt stress toxicity in barlet by suppressing ROS accumulation and improving antioxidant defense systems, compared to halo- and gibberellin priming. Antioxidants 12(9): 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091779.
Farzana, S., M. Rasel, M. Tahjib-Ul-Arif, A.A. Galib, K.K Sarker and M.A. Hossain. 2020. Exogenous salicylic acid and thiourea ameliorate salt stress in wheat by enhancing photosynthetic attributes and antioxidant defense. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 18(2): 272–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.86574.
Fukagawa, N.K and L.H. Ziska. 2019. Rice: Importance for global nutrition. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 65: S2–S3. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.65.S2.
Gautam, S. and P.K. Singh. 2009. Salicylic acid-induced salinity tolerance in corn grown under NaCl stress. Acta Physiol. Plant. 31(6): 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0338-8.
Ghoohestani, A., H. Gheisary, S.M. Zahedi and A. Dolatkhahi. 2012. Effect of seed priming of tomato with salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxideon germination and plantlet growth in saline conditions. Intl. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 3(S): 700–704.
Hamid, M., Khalil-Ur-Rehman and M.Y. Ashraf. 2010. Salicylic acid-induced growth and biochemical changes in salt-stressed wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 41(4): 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620903494343.
Hasan, M.K., M.S. Islam, M.R. Islam, H.N. Ismaan, A. EL Sabagh, C. Barutcular, R.S. Meena and H. Saneoka. 2019. Water relations and dry matter accumulation of black gram and mungbean as affected by salinity. Thai J. Agric. Sci. 52(1): 54-67.
Hayat, K., J. Bundschuh, F. Jan, S. Menhas, S. Hayat, F. Haq, M.A. Shah, H.J. Chaudhary, A. Ullah, D. Zhang, Y. Zhou and P. Zhou. 2020. Combating soil salinity with combining saline agriculture and phytomanagement with salt-accumulating plants. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50(11): 1085–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1646087.
Hernawan, E. and V. Meylani. 2016. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics of white rice, brown rice, and black rice (Oryza sativa L., Oryza nivara and Oryza sativa L. indica). Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada 15(1): 79–91.
Hoang, T.M.L., T.N. Tran, T.K.T. Nguyen, B. Williams, P. Wurm, S. Bellairs and S. Mundree. 2016. Improvement of salinity stress tolerance in rice: Challenges and opportunities. Agronomy 6(4): 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6040054.
Hu, C.C., C.Y. Wu, M.Y. Yang, J.Z. Huang, C.W. Wu and C.Y. Hong. 2024. Catalase associated with antagonistic changes of abscisic acid and gibberellin response, biosynthesis and catabolism is involved in eugenol-inhibited seed germination in rice. Plant Cell Rep. 43: 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-023-03096-5.
Hundare, A., V. Joshi and N. Joshi. 2022. Salicylic acid attenuates salinity-induced growth inhibition in in vitro raised ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) plantlets by regulating ionic balance and antioxidative system. Plant Stress 4: 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2022.100070.
Idrees, M., M. Naeem, M.N. Khan, T. Aftab, M.N.A. Khan and Moinuddin. 2012. Alleviation of salt stress in lemongrass by salicylic acid. Protoplasma 249(3): 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-011-0314-1.
Jangra, M., S. Devi, N. Kumar, Satpal and V. Goyal. 2019. Effect of salicylic acid on growth and plant water status of sorghum genotype under salt stress. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 7(2): 1180–1184.
Jayakannan, M., J. Bose, O. Babourina, Z. Rengel and S. Shabala. 2015. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and tolerance. Plant Growth Regul. 76(1): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0028-z.
Khan, M.S., T. Akther, D.M. Ali and S. Hemalatha. 2019. An investigation on the role of salicylic acid alleviate the saline stress in rice crop (Oryza sativa (L)). Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 18: 101027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101027.
Khare, T., V. Kumar and P.B.K. Kishor. 2015. Na+ and Cl- ions show additive effects under NaCl stress on induction of oxidative stress and responsive antioxidative defense in rice. Protoplasma 252: 1149–1165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-014-0749-2.
Kristamtini, K., T. Taryono, P. Basunanda and R.H. Murti. 2014. Genetic diversity of local black rice cultivars based on microsatellite markers. Jurnal AgroBiogen. 10(2): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.21082/
jbio.v10n2.2014.p69-76.
Kumar, D., Kiran, D. Kumar, G.K. Koli, P.K. Tiwari and B. Kumar. 2020. Pigmented rice: A miracle food for Modern-day world. Food and Scientific Reports 1(10): 83–86.
Lamichhane, J.R., P. Debaeke, C. Steinberg, M.P. You, M.J. Barbetti and J.N. Aubertot. 2018. Abiotic and biotic factors affecting crop seed germination and seedling emergence: A conceptual framework. Plant Soil. 432: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3780-9.
Liu, Z., C. Ma, L. Hou, X. Wu, D. Wang, L. Zhang and P. Liu. 2022. Exogenous SA affects rice seed germination under salt stress by regulating Na+/K+ balance and endogenous GAs and ABA homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(6): 3293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063293.
Moghaddam, S.S., A. Rahimi, L. Pourakbar and F. Jangjoo. 2020. Seed priming with salicylic acid improves germination and growth of Lathyrus sativus L. under salinity stress. YYU J. Agr. Sci. 30(1): 68–79. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.624649.
Mottaleb, S.A., E. Darwish, M. Mostafa and G. Safwat. 2017. Phenotyping root system architecture of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) grown under salinity. Agriculture 63(4): 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0014.
Movaghatian, A. and F. Khorsandi. 2013. Effects of salicylic acid on wheat germination parameters under drought stress. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 13(12): 1603–1608. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2013.13.12.12268.
Roy, S.J., S. Negrão and M. Tester. 2014. Salt resistant crop plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 26: 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.12.004.
Seyfferth, C. and K. Tsuda. 2014. Salicylic acid signal transduction: The initiation of biosynthesis, perception and transcriptional reprogramming. Front. Plant Sci. 5: 697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00697.
Shaikh-Abol-Hasani, F. and P. Roshandel. 2019. Effects of priming with salicylic acid on germination traits of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under salinity stress. Iran. J. Plant Physiol. 10(1): 3035–3045.
Shatpathy, P., M. Kar, S.K. Dwibedi and A. Dash. 2018. Seed priming with salicylic acid improves germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under PEG-6000 induced water stress. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7(10): 907–924. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.101.
Singh, A. and R.S. Sengar. 2014. Salinity stress in rice: An overview. Plant Arch. 14(2): 643–648.
Souri, M.K. and G. Tohidloo. 2019. Effectiveness of different methods of salicylic acid application on growth characteristics of tomato seedlings under salinity. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 6: 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-019-0169-9.
Tania, S.S., M.M. Rahaman, F. Rauf, M.A. Suborna, M.H. Kabir, M.A. Hoque and M.S. Rhaman. 2021. Seed priming with salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) improve germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under salt stress. Asian J. Res. Crop. Sci. 6(4): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2021/v6i430127.
Torun, H., O. Novák, J. Mikulík, M. Strnad and F.A. Ayaz. 2022. The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on endogenous phytohormone status in Hordeum vulgare L. under salt stress. Plants 11(5): 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050618.
Vibhuti, C. Shahi, K. Bargali and S.S. Bargali. 2015. Seed germination and seedling growth parameters of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties as affected by salt and water stress. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 85(1): 102–108. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i1.46046.
Wang, Y., S. Mopper and K.H. Hasenstein. 2001. Effects of salinity on endogenous ABA , IAA , JA , and SA in Iris hexagona. J. Chem. Ecol. 27(2): 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005632506230.
Yoshida, S. 1981. Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science. International Rice Research Institute, Laguna, Philippines.
Youssef, S.M.S., S.A. Abd El-Hady, N.A.I. Abu El-Azm, M.Z. El-Shinawy. 2017. Foliar application of salicylic acid and calcium chloride enhances growth and productivity of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Egypt. J. Hort. 44(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2017.892.1000.
Yusuf, M., S. Hayat, M.N. Alyemeni, Q. Fariduddin and A. Ahmad. 2013. Salicylic acid : Physiological roles in plants, pp. 15–30. In: S. Hayat, A. Ahmad and M.N. Alyemeni, (Eds.), Salicylic Acid. Springer Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Zhu, J.K. 2016. Abiotic stress signaling and responses in plants. Cell 167(2): 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.029.