Effects of cashew kernel waste meal on growth performance, flock uniformity, economic indices, hematological parameters, and serum biochemistry of Noiler chicken
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background and Objective: Noiler chickens, a dual-purpose breed developed from broilers and local chickens, are known for thriving on low-quality feed while producing high-quality meat and eggs. This study investigated the effects of different levels of cashew kernel waste meal (CKWM) on growth performance, flock uniformity, economic indices, hematological parameters, and serum biochemistry in Noiler chickens. The aim was to evaluate CKWM’s potential as a dietary ingredient.
Methodology: The study used 270 unsexed, one-week-old Noiler chicks, divided into five dietary groups with six replicates of nine birds each. The groups received diets with CKWM incorporated at 0% (K1), 5% (K2), 10% (K3), 15% (K4), and 20% (K5) over eight weeks. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test, for post-hoc analysis.
Main Results: Significant variations (P < 0.05) were observed in body weight parameters and flock uniformity across the inclusion levels during both the starter and grower phases. Flock uniformity was highest in the Noilers offered diet K2. Economic indices were significantly affected (P < 0.05) during the starter phase, with all recorded parameters being influenced. At the grower phase, only feed cost and income differed significantly (P < 0.05) with better performance in birds fed K5 and worst in birds fed K3. Hematological parameters, including mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and basophil count, were significantly influenced (P < 0.05). Serum biochemistry outcomes indicated significant effects (P < 0.05) on all parameters except for urea and triglyceride levels.
Conclusions: The findings highlight the potential of cashew kernel waste meal as a dietary ingredient, with implications for optimizing growth, uniformity, and economic performance in Noiler bird production at up to a 15% inclusion level. The study underscores the potential of CKWM to contribute to sustainable and efficient Noiler chicken production, thereby addressing food insecurity and unemployment among smallholders.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abdoulaye, O., D. Masse and F. Daouda. 2023. Impact of cashew meal (Anacardium occidentale) incorporation on the economic profitability of laying hen production (ISA Brown) in Côte d’Ivoire. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 14(3): 131–140. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.14.3.0081.
Agboola-Adedoja, M.O., A.A. Adelusi, Q.A. Ogunwolu, C.A. Ugwu, M.A. Alli, K.A. Adesanya and A.O. Akinpelu. 2022. Cashew production, consumption and utilization: Implication on health of end users. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14(1): 182–186. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.1.0297.
Ajayi, F.O., O. Bamidele, W.A. Hassan, U. Ogundu, A. Yakubu, O.O. Alabi, O.M. Akinsola, E.B. Sonaiya and O.A. Adebambo. 2020. Production performance and survivability of six dual purpose breeds of chicken under smallholder farmer’s management practices in Nigeria. Arch. Anim. Breed. 63 (2): 387–408. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-63-387-2020.
Akande, T.O., A.O. Akinwumi and T.O. Abegunde. 2015. Cashew reject meal in diets of laying chickens: Nutritional and economic suitability. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 57: 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-015-0051-7.
Animashahun, R.A., O.O. Alabi, F.A. Okeniyi, S.O. Olawoye, J.A. Shoyombo and B.M. Falana. 2022. Performance and blood profile of Noiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of Parkia biglobosa leaf meal. Food Res. 6(5): 256–265. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(5).475.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2002. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, USA.
Dhibi, M., F. Brahmi, A. Mnari, Z. Houas, I. Chargui, L. Bchir, N. Gazzah, M.A. Alsaif and M. Hammami. 2011. The intake of high fat diet with different trans fatty acid levels differentially induces oxidative stress and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) 8(1): 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-8-65.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2020. FAOSTAT. Available Source: http://faostaK3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E. February 10, 2020.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2024. Livestock and livelihoods spotlight Nigeria. Available Source: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/4911d95b-6154-42e6-aa74-e6119d55f26e/content. August 23, 2024.
Jaji, M.F.O., M.A. Onigemo and M.A. Adeyemo. 2011. Economics of substituting cashew nut waste for maize in the growth performance of broiler chicken. Int. J. Agric. Econ. Ext. 5: 1–5.
Jenkins, D.J.A., L. Chiavaroli, J.M.W. Wong, C. Kendall, G.F. Lewis, E. Vidgen, P.W. Connelly, L.A. Leiter, R.G. Josse and B. Lamarche. 2010. Adding monounsaturated fatty acids to a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia. CMAJ 182(18): 1961–1967. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.092128.
Kalra, A., E. Yetiskul, C.J. Wehrle and F. Tuma. 2022. Physiology (Liver). StatPearls Publishing LLC, Florida, USA.
Kuo, T.R. and C.H. Chen. 2017. Bone biomarker for the clinical assessment of osteoporosis: Recent developments and future perspectives. Biomark. Res. 5: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-017-0097-4.
Manyelo, T.G., L. Selaledi, Z.M. Hassan and M. Mabelebele. 2020. Local chicken breeds of Africa: Their description, uses and conservation methods. Animals 10(12): 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122257.
Oddoye, E.O.K., K. Agyente-Badu, V. Anchirina and V. Johnson. 2011. Effects on performance of growing pigs fed diets containing different levels of cashew nut reject meal. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr. 59(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/bahpa.v59i1.68411.
Odunsi, A.A. 2002. Effect of feeding reject cashew kernel meal on pre and early-laying performance of pullet. Arch. Zootec. 51(196): 423–429.
Ojediran, T., O. Olagoke and I. Emiola. 2022. Effect of replacing full-fat soybean meal with undefatted cashew reject kernel meal on the growth response, blood parameters, organ weight and abdominal fat weight of broiler chicks. Animal Science and Genetics 18(4): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1380.
Ojediran, T., O. Oyebamiji, E. Areo and I. Emiola. 2021. Growth parameters, economic analysis and blood characteristics of weaned pigs fed cashew reject kernel meal. Pol. J. Natur. Sc. 36(2): 131–145. https://doi.org/10.31648/pjns.7291.
Ojediran, T.K., B.T. Ogunmola, A.O. Ajayi, M.A. Adepoju, K. Odelade and I.A. Emiola. 2016. Nutritive value of processed dietary fungi treated Jatropha curcas L. kernel meals: Voluntary intake, growth, organ weight and hepatic histology of broiler chicks. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 93(2): 101–110.
Ojediran, T.K., M.O. Fasola, T.O. Oladele, T.L. Onipede and I.A. Emiola. 2017a. Growth performance, flock uniformity and economic indices of broiler chickens fed low crude protein diets supplemented with lysine. Arch. Zootec. 66(256): 543–550.
Ojediran, T.K., O.E. Adegoke and I.A. Emiola. 2018. Haematological parameters, serum biochemistry and gut microbial count of broiler chicks fed processed dietary fungi treated Jatropha curcas kernel meals. J. Exp. Agric. Int. 27(6): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2018/23052.
Ojediran, T.K., S.A. Olorunlowu, P.O. Aremu, B.T. Oyegoke, T.A. Foluso, K.O. Mojeed, T.B. Olayeni, I.A. Emiola and O.J. Alagbe. 2024. Zootechnical response, profitability indices, blood parameters, organ weight, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of pigs fed processed cassava root meal. Research in Agricultural & Veterinary Sciences 8(1): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.62476/ravs8141.
Ojediran, T.K., T.O. Oloruntade, B.Y. Durojaye, R.O. Saka and I.A. Emiola. 2017b. Blood parameters, carcass yield, organ weight and villi morphometrics of broilers fed low protein diet in excess of dietary lysine. Trakia J. Sci. 15(2): 121–127. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2017.02.004.
Okolo, F.A., J.O. Ocheja, B.C. Lalabe and P.A. Ejiga. 2012. Digestibility, performance and bio-economics of growing West African Dwarf Goats fed diets containing graded levels of cashew nut shell. IJARD 15(2): 1000–1007.
Oyebanji, B.O., O.C. Oyewumi and O.C. Fadopemu. 2018. Effect of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) powder and coconut oil mixture on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters of Noiler birds. J. Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. 3(4): 118–124. https://doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2018.103.
Oyewole, B.O., E.A. Rotimi, F.O. Anthony and J. Adewumi. 2017. Performance and blood parameters of starter broilers fed diets containing cashew pulp meal. J. Agric. Agric. Tech. 3(1): 87–92.
Ozer, J., M. Ratner, M. Shaw, W. Bailey and S. Schomaker. 2008. The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 245(3): 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.021.
Ray, C.S, B. Singh, I. Jena, S. Behera and S. Ray. 2017. Low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in adult population an indicator of zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. 5(3): 347–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.5.3.20.
Rico, R., M. Bulló and J. Salas‐Salvadó. 2016. Nutritional composition of raw fresh cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) kernels from different origin. Food Sci. Nutr. 4(2): 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.294.
Siracusa, R., R. Fusco, A.F. Peritore, M. Cordaro, R. D’Amico, T. Genovese, E. Gugliandolo, R. Crupi, A. Smeriglio, G. Mandalari, S. Cuzzocrea, R. Di Paola and D. Impellizzeri. 2020. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Anacardium occidentale L. cashew nuts in a mouse model of colitis. Nutrients 12(3): 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030834.
Sowunmi, F.A., O.S. Adeleye, K.K. Salman and F.T. Okewumi. 2022. Determinants of poultry farmers’ willingness to raise Noiler birds in Oluyole Local Government Area, Oyo State. World J. Sci. Technol. Sustain. Dev. 19(1): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.47556/J.WJSTSD.19.1.2022.3.
Sugiharto, S. 2022. Dietary strategies to alleviate high-stocking-density-induced stress in broiler chickens – a comprehensive review. Arch. Anim. Breed. 65(1): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-65-21-2022.
Toghyani, M., M. Tohidi, A.A. Gheisari and S.A. Tabeidian. 2010. Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. Afr. J. Biotech. 9(40): 6819–6825. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.1998.
Yakubu, A., O. Bamidele, W.A. Hassan, F.O. Ajayi, U.E. Ogundu, O. Alabi, E.B. Sonaiya and O.A. Adebambo. 2020. Farmers' choice of genotypes and trait preferences in tropically adapted chickens in five agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 52(1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01993-0.