Morpho-physiological changes during leaf development of robusta coffee under shade condition
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Abstract
Background and Objective: Robusta coffee cultivars, local and Chumphon 2, are commonly grown in mixed orchards in Thailand. However, there is a lack of data on the stages of leaf development under shaded conditions. This research aims to monitor the morpho-physiological changes in leaves during leaf development of these two coffee cultivars.
Methodology: One-year-old Robusta coffee plants of two cultivars were planted in plastic baskets and grown under 80% shade in a greenhouse. Leaves that began unfolding and measured 4–7 cm in length (considered 0 days old) were selected, with one leaf per plant for ten plants per cultivar. The leaf size, leaf greenness (SPAD units), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and dark respiration rate (Rd) were monitored daily using LI-6400 (LI-COR, USA) until all parameters stabilized. The data were analyzed using RStudio software (package ‘ggplot2’).
Main Results: The leaves of both coffee cultivars took 28–30 days to reach full maturity, with development divided into five stages. At 0 days old (stage 1), the leaves unfold. At 7 days old (stage 2), the leaves grow and expand to half their maximum size (52.23 cm2). Leaf greenness and Pn increase rapidly, while Rd decreases quickly. At 14 days old (stage 3), the leaves reach their maximum Pn (3.32 μmol m-2 s-1). Leaf expansion continues rapidly, with a slight reduction in leaf greenness. Rd continues to decrease steadily. At 21 days old (stage 4), the leaves reach full size (104.46 cm2). Leaf greenness increases, Pn stabilizes, and Rd decreases slightly. At 28 days old (stage 5), Rd reaches its lowest point and stabilizes (0.34 μmol m-2 s-1). Leaf greenness increases, leaf size stabilizes, and Pn remains constant.
Conclusions: The development of the leaves of the two Robusta coffee cultivars can be divided into five stages: 1) Leaves pair unfolding, 2) Leaves expand to half their maximum size, 3) Pn reaches its peak value, 4) Leaves reach their maximum size, and 5) Rd stabilizes.
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