Cluster analysis of organic rice production systems and management patterns: Case study of Sathing Phra Peninsula, Southern Thailand
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Abstract
Background and Objective: The transformation of traditional rice farming into sustainable organic systems presents significant challenges, particularly in regions with unique geographical contexts. In Southern Thailand’s Sathing Phra Peninsula, organic rice production covers only 0.31% of the total cultivation area, yet exhibits distinctive adaptation patterns. This study aimed to analyze the heterogeneity of organic rice production systems in the peninsula through cluster analysis, focusing on identifying and characterizing different farmer typologies based on their production practices, resource management, and certification patterns.
Methodology: The study examined 47 certified organic rice farmers across four districts during the 2022/23 growing season. Data collection included semi-structured interviews, field observations, and focus group discussions. Eight standardized variables were analyzed using hierarchical clustering methods: certification patterns, cultivation frequency, farming methods, water source utilization, yield levels, farmland area, seed management, and labor utilization. Statistical analysis employed Ward’s method with Euclidean distance, followed by one-way ANOVA.
Main Results: Three distinct farmer groups were identified: 1) commercial organic farmers (21.28%), characterized by larger cultivation areas (>11.98 rai) and higher yields (>500 kg/rai), 2) integrated organic farmers (27.66%), combining traditional methods with modern technology, and 3) traditional organic farmers (51.15%), primarily smallholders following conventional practices. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) across all variables, with yield variations showing the highest variance (F = 68.44). Price premiums varied by 15–20% between groups, reflecting market access disparities.
Conclusions: Three distinct farmer clusters were identified with significant productivity variations (P < 0.05). Commercial organic farmers achieved the highest yields (>500 kg/rai) on larger farms, while traditional smallholders (51.15%) maintained lower productivity (300–400 kg/rai). Infrastructure access and water management proved critical determinants of organic rice farming success, requiring differentiated support strategies for sustainable development.
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