Cross- and multiple-herbicide resistance of penoxsulam- resistant barnyardgrass in Central Thailand paddy fields
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Abstract
Background and Objective: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. is the most troublesome weed in paddy fields. Farmers in Central Thailand have observed poor control with the labeled rate of penoxsulam, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor. This study was conducted to confirm and quantify barnyardgrass resistance to penoxsulam in the region and to evaluate cross- and multiple-resistance patterns against commonly used herbicides in paddy fields.
Methodology: A split-plot design with four replications was used. The main plot consisted of six penoxsulam dose rates (0, 7.03, 14.06, 28.12, 56.24, and 112.48 g a.i./ha), and the sub-plot included resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes. Both biotypes were assessed for I50 (visual injury) and GR50 (plant height and fresh weight). Cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors from three chemical families and multiple-resistance to other herbicide mechanisms of action were also evaluated.
Main Results: The R-biotype showed 53.78–64.52-fold higher resistance to penoxsulam than the S-biotype. Cross-resistance was detected to bispyribac-sodium, pyribenzoxim, and triafamone, while multiple-resistance occurred to metamifop (acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors) and quinclorac (synthetic auxin). No resistance was detected to profoxydim, propanil, or florpyrauxifen-benzyl.
Conclusions: This study provides the first confirmed and quantified case of penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass in Central Thailand paddy fields, revealing high-level resistance and a clear profile of cross- and multiple-herbicide resistance. These findings emphasize the need for integrated weed management strategies, including herbicide rotation across different modes of action and the incorporation of non-chemical control measures, to slow the spread and minimize the impact of ALS-resistant E. crus-galli populations in paddy fields.
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