วัสดุมหัศจรรย์แกรฟีน : กลยุทธ์การสังเคราะห์ สมบัติ การพัฒนา การพิสูจน์เอกลักษณ์ และการประยุกต์ใช้
Article Sidebar
เผยแพร่แล้ว:
ส.ค. 31, 2020
คำสำคัญ:
แกรฟีน คุณสมบัติของแกรฟีน การสังเคราะห์แกรฟีน การประยุกต์ใช้แกรฟีน
Main Article Content
บทคัดย่อ
แกรฟีนเป็นหนึ่งอัญรูปของคาร์บอนที่มีการค้นพบโดยศาสตราจารย์ ดร.อังเดร ไกม์ และ ศาสตราจารย์ ดร. คอนสแตนติน
โนโวเซลอฟ จากมหาวิทยาลัยแมนเชสเตอร์ ประเทศสหราชอาณาจักร ซึ่งได้รับโนเบลในปี ค.ศ. 2010 สาขาฟิสิกส์ จุดนี้เองทำให้ทั่วโลกต่างหันมาสนใจวัสดุชนิดนี้เป็นจำนวนมากจากสมบัติพิเศษของแกรฟีนที่มีความหนาเพียงแค่คาร์บอนอะตอมเดียว (0.345 นาโนเมตร) ทำให้มีสมบัติเฉพาะตัวที่แตกต่างออกไปจากคาร์บอนอัญรูปอื่น ๆ ในประเทศไทยยังเป็นเรื่องที่ใหม่และมีการนำแกรฟีนไปใช้งานไม่มากนัก บทความนี้จึงจะได้กล่าวถึงสมบัติและการพัฒนาสมบัติของแกรฟีน วิธีการสังเคราะห์แบบต่าง ๆ รวมไปถึงเทคนิคที่ใช้ในวิเคราะห์ และด้วยคุณสมบัติที่โดดเด่นของแกรฟีนส่งผลให้นำมาพัฒนาเป็นวัสดุชนิดใหม่และนำไปประยุกต์ใช้ในด้านต่าง ๆ เช่น อุปกรณ์อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่โค้งงอได้ ทรานซิสเตอร์ ใช้เป็นวัสดุในการขนส่งยา เซ็นเซอร์ และใช้เป็นวัสดุคอมพอสิตเพื่อใช้เป็นตัวดูดซับในการบำบัดน้ำเสีย
Article Details
บท
บทความวิจัย
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของ วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยอุบลราชธานี
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับมหาวิทยาลัยอุบลราชธานี และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในมหาวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใดๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
References
[1] Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang,
D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov,
A. A. 2004. Electric field effect in atomically thin
carbon films. Science. 306 (5696), 666-669.
[2] Bolotin, K. I.; Sikes, K. J.; Jiang, Z.; Klima, M.;
Fudenberg, G.; Hone, J.; Kim, P.; Stormer, H. 2008.
Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended
graphene. Solid state communications. 146 (9-10),
351-355.
[3] Garg, B.; Bisht, T.; Ling, Y.-C. 2004. Graphene-based
nanomaterials as heterogeneous acid catalysts: a
comprehensive perspective. Molecules. 19 (9),
14582-14614.
[4] Wong, H.-S. P.; Akinwande, D. 2011. Carbon
nanotube and graphene device physics. Cambridge
University Press.
[5] Zhang, T.; Xue, Q.; Zhang, S.; Dong, M. 2012.
Theoretical approaches to graphene and
graphene-based materials. Nano Today. 7 (3), 180-
200.
[6] Zhao, X. 2018. Mechanical Properties of Graphene
and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites. The
University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
[7] Agromayor, R.; Cabaleiro, D.; Pardinas, A.; Vallejo, J.;
Fernandez-Seara, J.; Lugo, L. 2016. Heat transfer
performance of functionalized graphene
nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluids. Materials. 9 (6),
455.
[8] Edwards, R. S.; Coleman, K. S. 2013. Graphene
synthesis: relationship to applications. Nanoscale.
5 (1), 38-51.
[9] Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A. N.; Novoselov, K.
S.; Booth, T. J.; Stauber, T.; Peres, N. M.; Geim, A. K.
2008. Fine structure constant defines visual
transparency of graphene. Science. 320 (5881),
1308-1308.
[10] Choi, W.; Lahiri, I.; Seelaboyina, R.; Kang, Y. S.
2010. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: a
review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and
Materials Sciences. 35 (1), 52-71.
[11] Bhuyan, M.S.A., Uddin, M.N., Islam, M.M., Bipasha,
F.A., 2016. Synthesis of graphene. Int Nano Lett. 6:
65-83.
[12] Zhang, Y.; Small, J. P.; Pontius, W. V.; Kim, P. 2005.
Fabrication and electric-field-dependent transport
measurements of mesoscopic graphite devices.
Applied Physics Letters. 2005. 86 (7), 073104.
[13] Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang,
D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov,
A. A. 2004. Electric field effect in atomically thin
carbon films. Science. 306 (5696), 666-669.
[14] Viculis, L. M.; Mack, J. J.; Kaner, R. B. 2003. A
chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science. 299
(5611), 1361-1361.
[15] Viculis, L. M.; Mack, J. J.; Mayer, O. M.; Hahn, H. T.;
Kaner, R. B. 2015. Intercalation and exfoliation
routes to graphite nanoplatelets. Journal of
Materials Chemistry. 15 (9), 974-978.
[16] Boehm, H.-P.; Clauss, A.; Fischer, G.; Hofmann, U.
1962. Das adsorptionsverhalten sehr dünner
kohlenstoff‐folien. Zeitschrift für anorganische und
allgemeine Chemie. 316 (3‐4), 119-127.
[17] https://www.utu.fi/en/units/sci/units/
chemistry/research/mcca/Pages/Sub-
pages%20of%20Functional%20Materials/
Graphenes.aspx
[18] Li, B.; Cao, X.; Ong, H. G.; Cheah, J. W.; Zhou, X.;
Yin, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, J.; Boey, F.; Huang, W. 2010.
All‐Carbon Electronic Devices Fabricated by
Directly Grown Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
on Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes. Advanced
Materials. 22 (28), 3058-3061.
[19] Cano-Marquez, A. G.; Rodriguez-Macias, F. J.;
Campos-Delgado, J.; Espinosa-González, C. G.;
Tristán-López, F.; Ramírez-González, D.; Cullen, D.
A.; Smith, D. J.; Terrones, M.; Vega-Cantú, Y. I. 2009.
Ex-MWNTs: graphene sheets and ribbons produced
by lithium intercalation and exfoliation of carbon
nanotubes. Nano letters. 9 (4), 1527-1533.
[20] Li X, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, et al. 2009.
Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform
Graphene Films on Copper Foils. Science.
324(5932): 1312-4.
[21] Hibino, H., Kageshima, H., & Nagase, M. 2010.
Graphene growth on silicon carbide. Special
Feature, 8, 1-6.
[22] Lerf, A.; Buchsteiner, A.; Pieper, J.; Schöttl, S.;
Dekany, I.; Szabo, T.; Boehm, H. 2006. Hydration
behavior and dynamics of water molecules in
graphite oxide. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of
Solids. 67 (5-6), 1106-1110.
[23] Kim, H.; Abdala, A. A.; Macosko, C. W. 2010.
Graphene/polymer nanocomposites.
Macromolecules. 43 (16), 6515-6530.
[24] Staudenmaier, L. 1898. Verfahren zur darstellung
der graphitsäure. Berichte der deutschen
chemischen Gesellschaft. 31 (2), 1481-1487.
[25] Hummers Jr, W. S.; Offeman, R. E. 1958.
Preparation of graphitic oxide. Journal of the
american chemical society. 80 (6), 1339-1339.
[26] Park, S.; An, J.; Piner, R. D.; Jung, I.; Yang, D.;
Velamakanni, A.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. 2008.
Aqueous suspension and characterization of
chemically modified graphene sheets. Chemistry of
materials. 20 (21), 6592-6594.
[27] Marcano, D. C.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Berlin, J. M.;
Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L. B.; Lu,
W.; Tour, J. M. 2010. Improved synthesis of
graphene oxide. ACS nano. 4 (8), 4806-4814.
[28] Li, D.; Müller, M. B.; Gilje, S.; Kaner, R. B.; Wallace,
G. G.2008. Processable aqueous dispersions of
graphene nanosheets. Nature nanotechnology.
3(2), 101.
[29] Zhang, H.-B.; Zheng, W.-G.; Yan, Q.; Yang, Y.; Wang,
J.-W.; Lu, Z.-H.; Ji, G.-Y.; Yu, Z.-Z. 2010. Electrically
conductive polyethylene terephthalate/graphene
nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding.
Polymer. 51 (5), 1191-1196.
[30] Paredes, J. I.; Villar-Rodil, S.; Solís-Fernández, P.;
Martínez-Alonso, A.; Tascon, J. 2009. Atomic force
and scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of
graphene nanosheets derived from graphite oxide.
Langmuir. 25 (10), 5957-5968.
[31] Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. 2008.
Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic
strength of monolayer graphene. Science. 321
(5887), 385-388.
[32] Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F. M.;
Sun, Z.; De, S.; McGovern, I.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.;
Gun'Ko, Y. K. 2008. High-yield production of
graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite.
Nature nanotechnology. 3 (9), 563.
[33] Zhang, H.-B.; Zheng, W.-G.; Yan, Q.; Yang, Y.; Wang,
J.-W.; Lu, Z.-H.; Ji, G.-Y.; Yu, Z.-Z. 2010. Electrically
conductive polyethylene terephthalate/graphene
nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding.
Polymer. 51 (5), 1191-1196.
[34] Wang, Y. Y.; Ni, Z. H.; Yu, T.; Shen, Z. X.; Wang, H.
M.; Wu, Y. H.; Chen, W.; Shen Wee, A. T. 2008.
Raman studies of monolayer graphene: the
substrate effect. The Journal of Physical Chemistry.
112 (29), 10637-10640.
[35] Ren, P.-G.; Yan, D.-X.; Ji, X.; Chen, T.; Li, Z.-M.
2010. Temperature dependence of graphene oxide
reduced by hydrazine hydrate. Nanotechnology.
22 (5), 055705.
[36] Dai, J.-F.; Wang, G.-J.; Ma, L.; Wu, C.-K. 2015.
Surface properties of graphene: relationship to
graphene-polymer composites. Rev. Adv. Mater.
Sci. 40 (1), 60-71.
[37] Evanoff, K.; Magasinski, A.; Yang, J.; Yushin, G.
2011. Nanosilicon‐coated graphene granules as
anodes for Li‐ion batteries. Advanced Energy
Materials. 1 (4), 495-498.
[38] Ford. J. 2015. Light-bulb moment for unique
material, J. Engineer. 296: 137758-137763.
[39] Lai, C.-P. 2018. Method of making LED light bulb
with graphene filament. Google Patents.
[40] Liao, L.; Lin, Y.-C.; Bao, M.; Cheng, R.; Bai, J.; Liu,
Y.; Qu, Y.; Wang, K. L.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. 2010.
High-speed graphene transistors with a self-aligned
nanowire gate. Nature. 467 (7313), 305.
[41] Lee, J.; Ha, T.-J.; Li, H.; Parrish, K. N.; Holt, M.;
Dodabalapur, A.; Ruoff, R. S.; Akinwande, D. 2013.
25 GHz embedded-gate graphene transistors with
high-K dielectrics on extremely flexible plastic
sheets. ACS nano. 7 (9), 7744-7750.
[42] Novoselov, K. S.; Falko, V. I.; Colombo, L.; Gellert,
P. R.; Schwab, M. G.; Kim, K. 2012. A roadmap for
graphene. Nature. 490, 192-200.
[43] Xu, G.; Xu, P.; Shi, D.; Chen, M.2014. Modification
of graphene oxide by a facile coprecipitation
method and click chemistry for use as a drug
carrier. RSC Advances. 4 (54), 28807-28813.
[44] Kuila, T.; Bose, S.; Khanra, P.; Mishra, A. K.; Kim, N.
H.; Lee, J. H. 2011. Recent advances in graphene-
based biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
26 (12), 4637-4648.
[45] Nokia photo sensor patent looks to take the
hump out of Pureview Cameras. Available from:
URL: http://www. Wpcentral.com/nokiaphoto-
sensor-patent-looks-take-hump-outpureview-
cameras Accessed September 6, 2013.
[46] Forgacs, E.; Cserhati, T.; Oros, G.2004. Removal of
synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review.
Environment international. 30 (7), 953-971.
[47] Perreault, F.; De Faria, A. F.; Elimelech, M. 2015.
Environmental applications of graphene-based
nanomaterials. Chemical Society Reviews. 44 (16),
5861-5896.
[48] Molla, A.; Li, Y.; Mandal, B.; Kang, S. G.; Hur, S. H.;
Chung, J. S. 2019. Selective adsorption of organic
dyes on graphene oxide: Theoretical and
experimental analysis. Applied Surface Science.
464, 170-177.
[49] Dai, H.; Huang, Y.; Huang, H. 2018. Eco-friendly
polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose
hydrogels reinforced with graphene oxide and
bentonite for enhanced adsorption of methylene
blue. Carbohydrate polymers. 185, 1-11.
D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov,
A. A. 2004. Electric field effect in atomically thin
carbon films. Science. 306 (5696), 666-669.
[2] Bolotin, K. I.; Sikes, K. J.; Jiang, Z.; Klima, M.;
Fudenberg, G.; Hone, J.; Kim, P.; Stormer, H. 2008.
Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended
graphene. Solid state communications. 146 (9-10),
351-355.
[3] Garg, B.; Bisht, T.; Ling, Y.-C. 2004. Graphene-based
nanomaterials as heterogeneous acid catalysts: a
comprehensive perspective. Molecules. 19 (9),
14582-14614.
[4] Wong, H.-S. P.; Akinwande, D. 2011. Carbon
nanotube and graphene device physics. Cambridge
University Press.
[5] Zhang, T.; Xue, Q.; Zhang, S.; Dong, M. 2012.
Theoretical approaches to graphene and
graphene-based materials. Nano Today. 7 (3), 180-
200.
[6] Zhao, X. 2018. Mechanical Properties of Graphene
and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites. The
University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
[7] Agromayor, R.; Cabaleiro, D.; Pardinas, A.; Vallejo, J.;
Fernandez-Seara, J.; Lugo, L. 2016. Heat transfer
performance of functionalized graphene
nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluids. Materials. 9 (6),
455.
[8] Edwards, R. S.; Coleman, K. S. 2013. Graphene
synthesis: relationship to applications. Nanoscale.
5 (1), 38-51.
[9] Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A. N.; Novoselov, K.
S.; Booth, T. J.; Stauber, T.; Peres, N. M.; Geim, A. K.
2008. Fine structure constant defines visual
transparency of graphene. Science. 320 (5881),
1308-1308.
[10] Choi, W.; Lahiri, I.; Seelaboyina, R.; Kang, Y. S.
2010. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: a
review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and
Materials Sciences. 35 (1), 52-71.
[11] Bhuyan, M.S.A., Uddin, M.N., Islam, M.M., Bipasha,
F.A., 2016. Synthesis of graphene. Int Nano Lett. 6:
65-83.
[12] Zhang, Y.; Small, J. P.; Pontius, W. V.; Kim, P. 2005.
Fabrication and electric-field-dependent transport
measurements of mesoscopic graphite devices.
Applied Physics Letters. 2005. 86 (7), 073104.
[13] Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang,
D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov,
A. A. 2004. Electric field effect in atomically thin
carbon films. Science. 306 (5696), 666-669.
[14] Viculis, L. M.; Mack, J. J.; Kaner, R. B. 2003. A
chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science. 299
(5611), 1361-1361.
[15] Viculis, L. M.; Mack, J. J.; Mayer, O. M.; Hahn, H. T.;
Kaner, R. B. 2015. Intercalation and exfoliation
routes to graphite nanoplatelets. Journal of
Materials Chemistry. 15 (9), 974-978.
[16] Boehm, H.-P.; Clauss, A.; Fischer, G.; Hofmann, U.
1962. Das adsorptionsverhalten sehr dünner
kohlenstoff‐folien. Zeitschrift für anorganische und
allgemeine Chemie. 316 (3‐4), 119-127.
[17] https://www.utu.fi/en/units/sci/units/
chemistry/research/mcca/Pages/Sub-
pages%20of%20Functional%20Materials/
Graphenes.aspx
[18] Li, B.; Cao, X.; Ong, H. G.; Cheah, J. W.; Zhou, X.;
Yin, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, J.; Boey, F.; Huang, W. 2010.
All‐Carbon Electronic Devices Fabricated by
Directly Grown Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
on Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes. Advanced
Materials. 22 (28), 3058-3061.
[19] Cano-Marquez, A. G.; Rodriguez-Macias, F. J.;
Campos-Delgado, J.; Espinosa-González, C. G.;
Tristán-López, F.; Ramírez-González, D.; Cullen, D.
A.; Smith, D. J.; Terrones, M.; Vega-Cantú, Y. I. 2009.
Ex-MWNTs: graphene sheets and ribbons produced
by lithium intercalation and exfoliation of carbon
nanotubes. Nano letters. 9 (4), 1527-1533.
[20] Li X, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, et al. 2009.
Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform
Graphene Films on Copper Foils. Science.
324(5932): 1312-4.
[21] Hibino, H., Kageshima, H., & Nagase, M. 2010.
Graphene growth on silicon carbide. Special
Feature, 8, 1-6.
[22] Lerf, A.; Buchsteiner, A.; Pieper, J.; Schöttl, S.;
Dekany, I.; Szabo, T.; Boehm, H. 2006. Hydration
behavior and dynamics of water molecules in
graphite oxide. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of
Solids. 67 (5-6), 1106-1110.
[23] Kim, H.; Abdala, A. A.; Macosko, C. W. 2010.
Graphene/polymer nanocomposites.
Macromolecules. 43 (16), 6515-6530.
[24] Staudenmaier, L. 1898. Verfahren zur darstellung
der graphitsäure. Berichte der deutschen
chemischen Gesellschaft. 31 (2), 1481-1487.
[25] Hummers Jr, W. S.; Offeman, R. E. 1958.
Preparation of graphitic oxide. Journal of the
american chemical society. 80 (6), 1339-1339.
[26] Park, S.; An, J.; Piner, R. D.; Jung, I.; Yang, D.;
Velamakanni, A.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. 2008.
Aqueous suspension and characterization of
chemically modified graphene sheets. Chemistry of
materials. 20 (21), 6592-6594.
[27] Marcano, D. C.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Berlin, J. M.;
Sinitskii, A.; Sun, Z.; Slesarev, A.; Alemany, L. B.; Lu,
W.; Tour, J. M. 2010. Improved synthesis of
graphene oxide. ACS nano. 4 (8), 4806-4814.
[28] Li, D.; Müller, M. B.; Gilje, S.; Kaner, R. B.; Wallace,
G. G.2008. Processable aqueous dispersions of
graphene nanosheets. Nature nanotechnology.
3(2), 101.
[29] Zhang, H.-B.; Zheng, W.-G.; Yan, Q.; Yang, Y.; Wang,
J.-W.; Lu, Z.-H.; Ji, G.-Y.; Yu, Z.-Z. 2010. Electrically
conductive polyethylene terephthalate/graphene
nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding.
Polymer. 51 (5), 1191-1196.
[30] Paredes, J. I.; Villar-Rodil, S.; Solís-Fernández, P.;
Martínez-Alonso, A.; Tascon, J. 2009. Atomic force
and scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of
graphene nanosheets derived from graphite oxide.
Langmuir. 25 (10), 5957-5968.
[31] Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. 2008.
Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic
strength of monolayer graphene. Science. 321
(5887), 385-388.
[32] Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F. M.;
Sun, Z.; De, S.; McGovern, I.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.;
Gun'Ko, Y. K. 2008. High-yield production of
graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite.
Nature nanotechnology. 3 (9), 563.
[33] Zhang, H.-B.; Zheng, W.-G.; Yan, Q.; Yang, Y.; Wang,
J.-W.; Lu, Z.-H.; Ji, G.-Y.; Yu, Z.-Z. 2010. Electrically
conductive polyethylene terephthalate/graphene
nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding.
Polymer. 51 (5), 1191-1196.
[34] Wang, Y. Y.; Ni, Z. H.; Yu, T.; Shen, Z. X.; Wang, H.
M.; Wu, Y. H.; Chen, W.; Shen Wee, A. T. 2008.
Raman studies of monolayer graphene: the
substrate effect. The Journal of Physical Chemistry.
112 (29), 10637-10640.
[35] Ren, P.-G.; Yan, D.-X.; Ji, X.; Chen, T.; Li, Z.-M.
2010. Temperature dependence of graphene oxide
reduced by hydrazine hydrate. Nanotechnology.
22 (5), 055705.
[36] Dai, J.-F.; Wang, G.-J.; Ma, L.; Wu, C.-K. 2015.
Surface properties of graphene: relationship to
graphene-polymer composites. Rev. Adv. Mater.
Sci. 40 (1), 60-71.
[37] Evanoff, K.; Magasinski, A.; Yang, J.; Yushin, G.
2011. Nanosilicon‐coated graphene granules as
anodes for Li‐ion batteries. Advanced Energy
Materials. 1 (4), 495-498.
[38] Ford. J. 2015. Light-bulb moment for unique
material, J. Engineer. 296: 137758-137763.
[39] Lai, C.-P. 2018. Method of making LED light bulb
with graphene filament. Google Patents.
[40] Liao, L.; Lin, Y.-C.; Bao, M.; Cheng, R.; Bai, J.; Liu,
Y.; Qu, Y.; Wang, K. L.; Huang, Y.; Duan, X. 2010.
High-speed graphene transistors with a self-aligned
nanowire gate. Nature. 467 (7313), 305.
[41] Lee, J.; Ha, T.-J.; Li, H.; Parrish, K. N.; Holt, M.;
Dodabalapur, A.; Ruoff, R. S.; Akinwande, D. 2013.
25 GHz embedded-gate graphene transistors with
high-K dielectrics on extremely flexible plastic
sheets. ACS nano. 7 (9), 7744-7750.
[42] Novoselov, K. S.; Falko, V. I.; Colombo, L.; Gellert,
P. R.; Schwab, M. G.; Kim, K. 2012. A roadmap for
graphene. Nature. 490, 192-200.
[43] Xu, G.; Xu, P.; Shi, D.; Chen, M.2014. Modification
of graphene oxide by a facile coprecipitation
method and click chemistry for use as a drug
carrier. RSC Advances. 4 (54), 28807-28813.
[44] Kuila, T.; Bose, S.; Khanra, P.; Mishra, A. K.; Kim, N.
H.; Lee, J. H. 2011. Recent advances in graphene-
based biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
26 (12), 4637-4648.
[45] Nokia photo sensor patent looks to take the
hump out of Pureview Cameras. Available from:
URL: http://www. Wpcentral.com/nokiaphoto-
sensor-patent-looks-take-hump-outpureview-
cameras Accessed September 6, 2013.
[46] Forgacs, E.; Cserhati, T.; Oros, G.2004. Removal of
synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review.
Environment international. 30 (7), 953-971.
[47] Perreault, F.; De Faria, A. F.; Elimelech, M. 2015.
Environmental applications of graphene-based
nanomaterials. Chemical Society Reviews. 44 (16),
5861-5896.
[48] Molla, A.; Li, Y.; Mandal, B.; Kang, S. G.; Hur, S. H.;
Chung, J. S. 2019. Selective adsorption of organic
dyes on graphene oxide: Theoretical and
experimental analysis. Applied Surface Science.
464, 170-177.
[49] Dai, H.; Huang, Y.; Huang, H. 2018. Eco-friendly
polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose
hydrogels reinforced with graphene oxide and
bentonite for enhanced adsorption of methylene
blue. Carbohydrate polymers. 185, 1-11.