Effects of Indian almond ieaf aqueous extract on Staphylococcus aureus in relation to concentration and exposure time
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that causes skin infections in both pets and humans with the
increasing trend of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, prompting interest in alternative antibacterial agents from natural sources. Therefore, this study aims to the efficacy of aqueous extract from Indian almond (Terminalia catappa Linn.) leaves, focusing on determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the time required for effective killing S. aureus. The experiment was conducted by preparing an aqueous extract of Indian almond leaves through boiling, followed by extended immersion for 7 days. The MBC and Time-dependent killing was performed by macrodilution method. The results show that the ferment extract of Indian almond leaf extract contained 0.76 mg/ml of tannin. The MBC of ferment extract against S. aureus was between 0.35 to 0.4 mg/ml. In addition, time-killing assay demonstrated a concentration and time-dependent bactericidal effect. At 0.35 mg/ml of aqueous extract, colony counts of S. aureus statistically significantlydecreased from 115 at 2 hours to 0 at 24 hours (rs = -1.000, p-value < 0.001). At 0.4 mg/ml, bacterial colony elimination occurred rapidly, with colony counts reduced significantly to 0 at 8 hours (rs = -0.975, p-value = 0.02). These findings suggest that the aqueous Indian almond leaf extract may serve as a natural alternative to reduce antibiotic use against S. aureus infection.
Article Details
References
Akiyama, H., Fujii, K., Yamasaki, O., Oono, T., & Iwatsuki, K. (2001). Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48(4), 487–491.
Anand, A., Divya, N., & Kotti, P. (2015). An updated review of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 9(18), 93.
Andrews, J. M. (2004). BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 3). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53(5), 713–728.
Arapitsas, P. (2012). Hydrolysable tannin analysis in food. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 1708–1717.
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71–79.
Bolling, B. W. (2017). Almond polyphenols: Methods of analysis, contribution to food quality, and health promotion. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 346–368.
Bule, M., Khan, F., Farrukh, N. M., & Niaz, K. (2020). Tannins (hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, phlorotannins, flavono-ellagitannins). In Recent advances in natural products analysis (pp. 132–146). Elsevier.
Chansue, N., & Assawawongkasem, N. (2008). The in vitro antibacterial activity and ornamental fish toxicity of the water extract of Indian almond leaves (Terminalia catappa Linn.). Khon Kaen University Veterinary Journal, 18(1), 36–45.
Das, A. K., Islam, M. N., Faruk, M. O., Ashaduzzaman, M., & Dungani, R. (2020). Review on tannins: Extraction processes, applications and possibilities. South African Journal of Botany, 135, 58–70.
Desam, N. R., & Al-Rajab, A. J. (2022). Herbal biomolecules: Anticancer agents. In S. C. Mandal, A. K. Nayak, & A. K. Dhara (Eds.), Herbal biomolecules in healthcare applications (pp. 435–474). Academic Press.
Dong, G., Liu, H., Yu, X., Zhang, X., Lu, H., Zhou, T., & Cao, J. (2017). Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of tannic acid against Staphylococcus aureus. Natural Product Research, 32(18), 2225–2228.
Heinrich, N. A., Eisenschenk, M., Harvey, R. G., & Nuttall, T. (2019). Skin diseases of the dog and cat (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
Kahlaoui, M., Vecchia, S. B. D., Giovine, F., Kbaier, H. B. H., Bouzouita, N., Pereira, L. B., & Zeppa, G. (2019). Characterization of polyphenolic compounds extracted from different varieties of almond hulls (Prunus dulcis L.). Antioxidants, 8(12), Article 647.
Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M., & Stahl, D. A. (2019). Brock biology of microorganisms (15th global ed.). Pearson.
Malawa, S., Nuntapong, N., Suanyuk, N., & Thongprajukkaew, K. (2022). Addition of different concentrations of Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) leaf extract to aquarium water resulted in improved water quality and increased bubble nest formation by male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) without having any consistent negative effects on growth metrics and blood chemistry. Aquaculture International, 30(6), 3269–3288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00960-1
Malik, S., Peng, H., & Barton, M. D. (2005). Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci associated with cats and dogs. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99(6), 1283–1293.
Moon, D.-C., Choi, J.-H., Boby, N., Kang, H.-Y., Kim, S.-J., Song, H.-J., Park, H.-S., Gil, M.-C., Yoon, S.-S., & Lim, S.-K. (2022). Bacterial prevalence in skin, urine, diarrheal stool, and respiratory samples from dogs. Microorganisms, 10(8), Article 1668.
Muangthai, P. (2015). Utilization of extracted substance from Indian almond leaves, Terminalia catappa L., for preparation of folk medicinal cream for the use of skin protection. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7, 144–148.
Mueller-Harvey, I. (2001). Analysis of hydrolysable tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91(1), 3–20.
Nikaido, H. (2009). Multidrug resistance in bacteria. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 78, 119–146.
Olchowik-Grabarek, E., Sekowski, S., Mies, F., Bitiucki, M., Swiecicka, I., Abdulladjanova, N., Shlyonsky, V., & Zamaraeva, M. (2023). Electrophysiological and spectroscopic investigation of hydrolysable tannins interaction with α-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus. Bioelectrochemistry, 150, Article 108318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108318
Thansuwan, R., Jitturongarpron, J., Buatib, J., Tangjaroenchai, T., & Muangsue, N. (2019, May 22–24). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Indian almond leaf extracts. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Biodiversity 2019 (IBD2019) (pp. 86–88). Centara Grand & Bangkok Convention Centre, CentralWorld, Bangkok, Thailand.
Wang, J., Sheng, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, X., Wang, S., & Yang, H. (2023). Combined proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of the antimicrobial mechanism of tannic acid against Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, Article 1178177.
