Prevalence and genetic variation of Feline Parvovirus (FPV) infection in the central and eastern regions of Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Feline Parvovirus (FPV) causes severe bloody diarrhea and feline enteritis, with a relatively high mortality rate, especially in unvaccinated kittens. Additionally, previous studies have indicated that cats are susceptible to infection by both FPV and Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FPV, also known as feline distemper or feline panleukopenia, in the central and eastern regions of Thailand. Cat sample collection was conducted from November 2022 to April 2024, spanning a total period of 1.5 years, to investigate the prevalence of the disease and analyze the genetic variation of FPV. The findings revealed that the prevalence of FPV infection was 14.29%. The highest prevalence was observed in November, December, January, and February, which correspond to the winter season. In contrast, some cases were detected during the rainy season, while the lowest prevalence was recorded during the summer. These findings align with the natural infection patterns and past transmission trends of the virus. The correlation analysis using Spearman’s rank correlation method indicated a strong relationship between gastrointestinal illness in cats and feline enteritis caused by FPV. The correlation coefficient was 0.84 at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. In addition, a comparative evaluation of diagnostic methods for FPV was conducted between a commercial rapid immunochromatographic test (IC Test) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the VP2 gene of FPV/CPV-2. The sensitivity of the rapid IC test was 62.96% (17/27), while the positive predictive value (PPV), which is the proportion of true positive cases among all positive test results, was 65.38% (17/26). This indicated that the commercial rapid IC test detected 62.96% of positive cases, with a 65.38% accuracy rate compared to the gold
standard PCR method. Moreover, the nucleotide sequence analysis of the VP2 gene in both FPV (236 bp) and
CPV-2 (529 bp) revealed that all cases contained only FPV-specific genetic material. This suggested that at present,
no genetic variation leading to cross-species transmission has occurred among the feline population in the central and
eastern regions of Thailand.
Article Details
References
Barrs, V. R. (2019). Feline panleukopenia: A re-emergent disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 49(4), 651–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.006
Battilani, M., Balboni, A., Ustulin, M., Giunti, M., Scagliarini, A., & Prosperi, S. (2011). Genetic complexity and multiple infections with more Parvovirus species in naturally infected cats. Veterinary Research, 42(1), Article 43.
Christensen, J., & Tattersall, P. (2002). Parvovirus initiator protein NS1 and RPA coordinate replication fork progression in a reconstituted DNA replication system. Journal of Virology, 76(13), 6518–6531.
Cotmore, S. F., Agbandje-McKenna, M., Canuti, M., Chiorini, J. A., Eis-Hubinger, A. M., Hughes, J., Mietzsch, M., Modha, S., Ogliastro, M., Pénzes, J. J., Pintel, D. J., Qiu, J., Söderlund-Venermo, M., Tattersall, P., & Tijssen, P. (2019). ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Parvoviridae. Journal of General Virology, 100(3), 367–368.
Horiuchi, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Gojobori, T., Mochizuki, M., Nagasawa, H., Toyoda, Y., Ishiguro, N., & Shinagawa, M. (1998). Differences in the evolutionary pattern of feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus. Virology, 249(2), 440–452.
Ikeda, Y., Mochizuki, M., Naito, R., Nakamura, K., Miyazawa, T., Mikami, T., & Takahashi, E. (2000). Predominance of canine parvovirus (CPV) in unvaccinated cat populations and emergence of new antigenic types of CPVs in cats. Virology, 278(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0653
Ingsatit, A. (2024). Evidence-based medicine on diagnostic study. Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University. https://www.rama.mahidol.ac.th/fammed/sites/default/files/public/pdf/EBM_Diagnostic_study
Inthong, N., Kaewmongkol, S., Meekhanon, N., Sirinarumitr, K., & Sirinarumitr, T. (2020). Dynamic evolution of canine parvovirus in Thailand. Veterinary World, 13(2), 245–255.
Inthong, N., Sutacha, K., Kaewmongkol, S., Sinsiri, R., Sribuarod, K., Sirinarumitr, K., & Sirinarumitr, T. (2019). Feline panleukopenia virus as the cause of diarrhea in a banded linsang (Prionodon linsang) in Thailand. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 81(12), 1763–1768.
Kolappan, B. (2023, November 19). Feline parvovirus affecting cats and kittens on the rise. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/feline-parvovirus-affecting-cats-and-kittens-on-the-rise/article67427451.ece
Pacini, M. I., Forzan, M., Franzo, G., Tucciarone, C. M., Fornai, M., Bertelloni, F., Sgorbini, M., Cantile, C., & Mazzei, M. (2023). Feline parvovirus lethal outbreak in a group of adult cohabiting domestic cats. Pathogens, 12(6), Article 822.
Steinel, A., Munson, L., van Vuuren, M., & Truyen, U. (2000). Genetic characterization of feline parvovirus sequences from various carnivores. Journal of General Virology, 81(2), 345–350.
Torre, D., Mafla, E., Puga, B., Erazo, L., Astolfi-Ferreira, C., & Piantino-Ferreira, A. (2018). Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c) based on the VP2 gene in affected domestic dogs in Ecuador. Veterinary World, 11(4), 480–487. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.480-487
Wang, J., Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Yue, H., Zhou, N., Gong, H., & Tang, C. (2022). Prevalence and characteristics of a feline parvovirus-like virus in dogs in China. Veterinary Microbiology, 270, Article 109473.
Wang, J., Yan, Z., Liu, H., Wang, W., Liu, Y., Zhu, X., Tian, L., Zhao, J., Peng, Q., & Bi, Z. (2024). Prevalence and molecular evolution of parvovirus in cats in eastern Shandong, China, between 2021 and 2022. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 24, 1–14.
Yang, S., He, Y., Chen, X., Kalim, U., Wang, Y., Yang, S., Qi, H., Cheng, H., Lu, X., Wang, X., Shen, Q., & Zhang, W. (2021). Viral metagenomics reveals diverse viruses in the feces samples of raccoon dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article 693564.
Zhang, Q., Niu, J., Yi, S., Dong, G., Yu, D., Guo, Y., Huang, H., & Hu, G. (2019). Development and application of a multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of feline panleukopenia virus, feline bocavirus, and feline astrovirus. Archives of Virology, 164(11), 2761–2768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04394-8
